In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations, and we all react to troubles in our own way and look for a way out of trouble in different ways. difficult situation. Some put up and adapting "go with the flow." Others are looking for a way out of a difficult life situation with the help of actions aimed at overcoming problems and troubles. Someone withdraws into himself and instead of trying to somehow overcome the difficulty, he prefers not to notice it. And many, cursing fate, only complain about difficult life and without actually solving any problems, they become depressed.
It is possible to generalize the behavior of people in difficult situations and describe ways of overcoming difficulties according to the transformation strategies that are used in these situations: co-ownership (adaptation and overcoming), protection and experience. But before we talk about them in detail, a few words about the concept of "difficult life situation".
So the concept of "difficult life situation" is interpreted by one of the Federal Laws of the Russian Federation - " Difficult life situation - this is a situation that directly disrupts the life of a person, which he is not able to overcome on his own". This law also gives several examples of difficult life situations - illness, disability, orphanhood, unemployment, insecurity and poverty, lack of a fixed place of residence, abuse, conflicts, loneliness, etc.
The Russian psychotherapist, Fedor Efimovich Vasilyuk, who studies aspects of difficult life situations, proposes to understand them as situations of impossibility, in which a person faces the difficulty of realizing the internal needs of his life (aspirations, motives, values, etc.).
A difficult life situation is always characterized by a discrepancy between what we want (to achieve, do, etc.) and what we can. Such a discrepancy between desires and abilities and capabilities prevents the achievement of goals, and this entails the emergence of negative emotions, which signal the emergence difficult situation. developing man, mastering and knowing the world around him, but without possessing sufficient life experience , inevitably meet with something unexpected, unknown and new. The use of one's own abilities and capabilities in this situation may not be enough, therefore it can cause disappointment. And any difficult life situation leads to disruption of activity, deterioration of existing relations with the people around us, gives rise to experiences and bad emotions, causes various inconveniences, which can have negative consequences for the development of the individual. Therefore, a person should know as much as possible about the possible options and ways.
Behavior Techniques People Most Often Use in Difficult Situations
Defense techniques - a group of non-adaptive (behavior that contributes to the emergence of severe mental distress) reactions to difficulties: depression, silent humility, depression, as well as avoiding difficult life situations and suppressing thoughts about the cause and source of the difficulty.
Overcoming - actions aimed at achieving success, changing and overcoming difficulties. They are associated with the expenditure of energy and with certain efforts; involves intense reflection aimed at solving a difficult situation, high level mental self-regulation, Search necessary information and involving other people in solving the problem.
By persistently transforming any difficult situation, a person changes greatly, but often these changes are unconscious and unintentional. However, sometimes the situation requires a conscious change in its characteristics, only in this case it is possible to achieve well-being and overcome difficulty. In this case, changing personal properties and attitudes to a difficult situation becomes the main strategy or an important component of another strategy.
DEVICE RECEPTIONS
Adapting to the Basic Moments of the Situation(public installations, social norms, rules business relations etc.). Having mastered this technique, a person freely enters the world of morality and law, labor, culture, family relations. In normal social conditions, this technique determines success. For example, it helps to get used to new working conditions (in this case a person successfully passes probation) or in case of moving to a new place of residence. However, if a person got into a difficult situation, in a situation of upheaval, when something has changed dramatically, where new rules have not yet been formed, and the old ones no longer apply - this technique will not help.(+) An example of the productive use of anticipatory coping is the experience often used in some foreign hospitals in preparing young patients for the intended operation. Medical staff under the guidance of a qualified psychologist arrange special role-playing games, during which the situation of the operation is played. Such psychological preparation reduces the fear of children before the operation and significantly speeds up their recovery.
(-) A clear example of a uniquely unproductive anticipatory coping is the so-called "Saint Lazarus symptom", psychologists have identified it when working with some relatives of HIV-infected people. It consists in such an attitude towards the patient, as if he is already dead and mourned (sometimes it comes to the point that family members avoid all communication with the sick person, openly collect money for a wake and prepare for his funeral).
AUXILIARY METHODS OF SELF-PRESERVATION IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS
These are methods of dealing with emotional failures, which, according to the subject, occur in connection with insurmountable difficult situations.
Techniques overcoming difficulties with the help of adaptation and transformation can be both secondary and basic for a person, both situation-specific and characteristic. The situation-specific are: "resistance", "adjustment of one's expectations", "hope", "use of chance", "self-affirmation", "identification with the fates and goals of other people", "relying on other people", "postponing the satisfaction of one's own needs”, “the manifestation of aggression in the form of action or unfounded criticism" and etc.
TECHNIQUES TO USE IN CASES OF FAIL
Here will be given the techniques that people use in the case when for overcoming difficult life situations there is no way to solve them. That is, a person who has fallen into an unpleasant situation has made every effort to somehow solve it, but the problem remains unresolved and he has no other choice but to simply admit that he has failed. He experiences this defeat as a collapse of personality, because he has set himself difficult task, put so much effort, hoped, and even saw her decision as part of a future life. If a person has not experienced major failures and failures up to this time, he is overly vulnerable. AT similar situation a person tries in any way to maintain or restore a good attitude towards himself, a sense of his own well-being and dignity.
Most often in such cases, people try to discount failure by using psychological defense mechanisms that help reduce the burden of emotional experiences and do not require them to painfully reconsider their attitude towards themselves. Among these methods are:
In the life of each of us there are difficult life situations. Even in the most serene times, we face difficulties. For one, this is a job search or a change of residence, for another, it is their own illness or the illness of a loved one, divorce or the death of loved ones and relatives. So it was and always will be. Difficult life situations arise in the lives of children and adults, entire families and nations.
This article presents techniques and techniques largely related to adaptation to circumstances that can no longer be changed. There are opinions that such techniques indicate a passive strategy and an inability to cope with one's life. But in reality, everything is not so simple, because sometimes a temporary adaptation acts as a wise strategy for experiencing a difficult life situation, taking into account life prospects with their real features.
The simplest example is probationary period for employment dictates to a person the rules of the game to which he must adapt in order to get a job in a good place and be accepted in a new work collective. He knows, When is it better to be silent?, refuses self-affirmation and certain forms of behavior in favor of its future.
However, everyone has the right to independently choose those techniques and strategies from their repertoire that will help get out of a difficult life situation. Not always and not all of us are able to change. The most we can do is to take a sober look at the situation, focus our best efforts on changing what can be improved, and find ways to coexist with what cannot be changed.
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The portal I am a parent tells what children can find themselves in a difficult life situation, what are the reasons for getting into such situations and what ways to solve the problems of such children exist in Russia.
The modern world is extremely unstable and full of change. Adults sometimes fall into a state of stress in an unstable environment. economic situation, the increase in crime, the need to worry about what will happen tomorrow. This, of course, cannot but affect the children.
Children's perception is very different from that of an adult. Sometimes a mere trifle can turn into a real tragedy, greatly upset and injure little man. As a result, the baby finds himself in a difficult situation, and it is important for adults to understand how to help him survive the pain that the child has to face due to various life circumstances.
One of the main reasons for the emergence of the category "children in difficult life situations" is family trouble, namely:
1. Children without parental care
The number of orphans is increasing in direct proportion to the decline in socio-economic well-being in the country. Babies are left without parental care for a number of reasons. Most often, this is the deprivation of parental rights.
Reasons for termination of parental rights:
Thus, children can be left without parental care and end up in Orphanage if staying in the family becomes dangerous for their lives.
The primary task of the society is the early identification of families that fall into the risk group, assistance to such families and their support, the desire to preserve the birth family for the child. Sometimes a normal conversation with a neighbor who has often appeared at the entrance in a state of intoxication can prevent the development of a real disaster.
Of course, the dream of any child who has lost his parents and ended up in an orphanage and the best outcome for him is to find new family, to find mom, dad and own home again.
Babies are most often adopted now, and older children and teenagers have a chance of getting into custody or guardianship. FROM recently there is such a form of guardianship as a “foster family”. By law, adoptive parents in such a family are entitled to the material reward due for raising a child. In addition, every month such a family is paid a child care allowance, which is an additional factor in attracting people who are ready to take care of a child from an orphanage to solve this problem.
2. Children with disabilities (those who have developmental features: mental and / or physical)
The causes of childhood disability can be intrauterine development disorders due to genetic factors, the lifestyle of parents (drug addiction, alcoholism and other types of deviations); birth trauma, as well as subsequent trauma of various origins.
Often children with special needs live and study at home. At present, inclusive education has been developed, in which children with disabilities get the opportunity to live and study in the same environment with their peers.
Very often, the appearance of a child with a disability in a family leads to its disintegration. Men leave the family, unable to withstand the additional difficulties and problems associated with raising a special child. At the same time, it is obvious that the upbringing of such a child requires exorbitant efforts from a woman left alone.
Characteristic features of families with children with disabilities:
Currently being developed social projects and programs for the socialization and adaptation of disabled children, teaching them labor skills, programs are being introduced to integrate them into the environment of healthy peers. An important factor is the identification of various defects at an early stage of development of children. Now throughout the country there is an early intervention service for children under three years old, where parents who have children with developmental disabilities or who are at risk can apply. Consequences of identifying defects at an early stage of a child's development:
The implementation of such social programs and projects requires the active participation of all of us and a sincere desire to change the attitude of our society towards disability. Everyone can help, for example, to take care of a child in the absence of parents, or to help mothers of children with developmental disabilities with employment, to the best of their ability.
And we must start with the fact that we all must try to understand and accept a simple truth: not like me does not mean bad.
There is nothing shameful or shameful in disability, and we should teach this to our children. And most importantly - this can happen in every family, regardless of age, place of residence and income level! It is important not to look away embarrassedly from the boy in a wheelchair, but to be able to explain to your child that all people are different and someone is less fortunate, but this does not mean that he is less worthy of respect, attention and communication. Families raising children with disabilities can be supported in word and deed. Without a doubt, any help (both psychological support and material participation) is very necessary and invaluable for them!
3. Children who have become victims of interethnic (including armed) conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural Disasters; children from families of refugees and internally displaced persons; children in extreme conditions
In fact, these children are victims of extreme conditions, i.e. situations that go beyond normal human experience. The source of childhood trauma is often another person - these include Act of terrorism, attacks, local wars.
AT modern world Unfortunately, the number of such children is on the rise. top priority at the moment extreme situation– place children in a safe place and provide them with everything they need, from personal hygiene to the opportunity to receive an education. Indeed, often, being on the street and having lost a roof over their heads, children are forced to independently provide themselves with everything necessary, which can lead them to the path of crime.
The main problem of such children is that very little attention is paid to their experiences associated with a change of residence. But they are faced with a number of issues that are not easy to solve even for adults. Together with the place of residence, children need to change their school, social circle, habitual places of recreation and entertainment, and adapt to a new environment. Often children who find themselves in an extreme situation lose close relatives and even parents. Undoubtedly, they all experience loss.
In the future, such children experience difficulties in communication, it is difficult for them to general development, decreased academic performance and interest in life. Children who are in extreme conditions, the qualified help of psychologists is needed in overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder.
4. Children subjected to violence, including in the family
A child who is being abused early years living with deep trauma. The child, as a rule, carefully hides the cause of the injury from others, the pain from the injury can torment him for the rest of his life.
Types of violence:
psychological abuse when a child is humiliated, isolated, lied to and threatened in every possible way.
Consequences of violence:
Early detection of this difficult situation plays a key role in helping child victims of violence. It is necessary to be more attentive to the children around us in order to notice that the child may be depressed, upset.
First of all, this applies to the parents of the child. It is extremely important for parents to be in close contact with their children. It is very useful to discuss with the child what he does outside the home, with whom he communicates, while it is important to maintain a trusting relationship so that he does not hesitate to tell at home if someone does not behave with him in the way that is customary in his family. It is necessary to pay attention to even minor changes in the behavior of the child. Sudden tears, loss of appetite and other changes are a good reason for a confidential conversation. In order to prevent violence against children, you can develop self-protection skills in children by playing small riddle games. For example, you can ask: "What would you do if a stranger offered you a ride in a car?". A good activity for spending time together is to draw leaflets with your child with basic safety rules: do not leave with strangers, do not open the door for strangers, keep parents aware of their whereabouts, etc. In particular, it costs special attention treat any manifestations of childish aggression directed both at oneself and others, try to identify its causes and prevent it from aggravating.
The most terrible thing for a small person can be violence against him in the family, when it seems to him that no one will ever protect him, there is no one to complain to. After all, the tormentors are his closest people, parents who, for personal reasons, have become alcoholics, drug addicts, religious fanatics, or are mentally ill people.
An important role in such situations is played by where children can call without fear of exposure. Everyone can and should report situations of domestic violence that we witness: relatives, neighbors, school psychologists and teachers.
5. Children serving sentences of imprisonment in educational colonies; children in special educational institutions
As a rule, such children are characterized by a desire for deviation in behavior, or deviant behavior, i.e. behavior that does not correspond to the norms that are accepted in society.
Levels of deviation in behavior:
Reasons for deviation in behavior:
In helping this category of children, it is extremely important prevention and warning manifestations of deviant behavior in the early stages of its manifestation. Here the main role is assigned to parents and teachers, since their duty is to treat children with due attention. In the modern world, the most common types of deviant behavior are presented various forms addictions - alcohol, tobacco, drugs, computer. In order to know how to behave in a situation if your child is addicted, we recommend watching the following videos:
When a crisis situation arises in the life of a child or in his family, it is necessary to turn to qualified specialists for help and support as soon as possible. For children, adolescents, as well as their parents, there is a phone number that they can call if necessary.
In practice, social assistance to children who find themselves in a difficult situation consists in constant work with their families, when it is dysfunctional. The main type of such assistance is social support for the baby and his family. Accompaniment - social assistance, including pedagogical and psychological assistance. Accompanying is otherwise called patronage. This is a whole complex system of psychological, pedagogical and social assistance provided by social service specialists. But each of us can help a child in a difficult life situation. You just have to stop, do not pass by and do not turn away from the little man in trouble.
We give advice right and left that there is a way out of any unpleasant situation, and not even one. We tune in to the positive and try to console others that not everything is as bad as it seems at first glance. But when we ourselves are overcome by troubles that are coming from all sides, the advice that we ourselves offered looks simply ridiculous and helpless.
What to do in a difficult life situation, where you see one dead end? There are practical tips on how to proceed in this case.
1. First of all, try to calm down and stop. No need to quickly rush into the pool with your head and take incomprehensible actions that can lead to even bigger problems. You need to pause and decide where you are and how you ended up in this position. Take some time to think about why it turned out the way it did, and not completely different. When you can find the entrance, then you will find the exit in one moment.
2. Effective advice on how to get out of the impasse is to get rid of the emotions that overwhelm you at that moment. Fear, anger, disappointment interfere with normal concentration in front of the resulting problem. Often, our negative emotions, which take on a huge scale, we make an elephant out of a fly, and it’s done, we don’t see any way out, one dead end. If you want to smash something to smithereens - do it, if you want to scream and swear - go ahead, give vent to your anger, do not keep destructive energy in yourself.
3. When you are overcome by complete devastation, only then will bright thoughts begin to come into your head and everything will become clear from a different angle. Prepare yourself tea with lemon and ginger, or make yourself hot coffee, energy drinks will help your brain work faster. Take a piece of paper and start writing down absolutely all ideas for getting out of an impasse, even the most absurd ones, in such cases all means are good.
4. Do not think alone, ask for help from your comrades and close people who have not turned their backs on Hard time. There is a proverb "One head is good, but two is better." Perhaps they will offer their own options that will be useful to you, because sometimes it is more visible from the outside.
5. The next step will be complete analysis suggested ideas. Consider all the pros and cons. Make three thorough plans to get out of the crisis. Plan A and B are the most effective, and Plan C is the back-up. Clearly thought-out scenarios, several options, give much more percentage of success than one.
6. In a difficult life situation, gather your strength and spirit and begin to put into action your anti-crisis plan. Going step by step, not stepping back, you will achieve what you want and get out of the troubles surrounding your life, and understanding what to do will come by itself.
7. In difficult times, people who care about you and to whom you are very dear will help you survive misfortunes. Don't push them away or isolate them from your society, let them help you. You can even ask them for help yourself, in such situations you understand who the most devoted and faithful people are.
8. In our life, we rely a lot on circumstances, while realizing that they do not bode well. You can't do that. We create our own destiny, so pull yourself together and do not let circumstances take over you.
9. Another effective way to get out of a deadlock is to exclude people with. In the environment of each person, there is sure to be such a person who will exaggerate and lower faith in yourself. Such people do not see happiness and positive moments, they have only one negative around them. If possible, avoid them, do not let them lower your self-esteem, otherwise, you will panic and give up.
10. When you are in trouble, look for something that will motivate you during the time that you get out of the current situation. Strive to associate with those who believe in you and know that you can withstand any blow.
11. In difficult moments, you should not be afraid to take risks and think about mistakes, everyone has them. It will be stupidity that you will sit idly by. Each of your mistakes will be a lesson from which you will draw useful and necessary information for yourself.
12. Do not listen to those who say that they know how you better live and be. They will constantly remind you and poke you for past mistakes. Send them away from you, let them hang noodles on the ears of others, the same losers as they are. This is your life and only you can decide if you can get out of trouble or not. Believe in yourself and you will succeed. You are not a loser, but a winner!
AT modern conditions the problems of families in a difficult life situation are becoming increasingly acute and relevant, since their number is not decreasing every year, but is continuously growing. This is due to problems of an economic, demographic, socio-political nature. At the same time, perhaps the most vulnerable category are children.
According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, children are entitled to special care and assistance. Constitution Russian Federation guarantees state support for the family, motherhood and childhood. By signing the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international acts in the field of ensuring the rights of children, the Russian Federation expressed its commitment to participate in the efforts of the world community to create an environment that is comfortable and friendly for children.
Federal Laws "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" and "On Additional Guarantees for social support orphans and children left without parental care" it is established that the protection of the rights of children in difficult life is carried out by bodies state power constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Implemented by the subjects of the Russian Federation regional targeted programs are a kind of core for solving the problems of children, families with children who are in a difficult life situation. The effectiveness of the implementation of such programs largely determines the possibility of achieving goals and objectives social policy states.
Social support for children in difficult life situations
The child protection system begins with the protection of the family, mother and child. Ensuring this social sphere Russia is one of the most developed. Education in children's institutions is based on proven programs. Its necessary element is teaching children to communicate, activities as part of a group, preparation for entering school.
Social protection of preschoolers is carried out in cooperation with medicine, pedagogy, and production. Organs social protection of the population contribute to the rehabilitation and treatment of preschool children, for which, for example, preferential conditions are provided for the stay of preschool children in sanatoriums. The upbringing of preschool children solves the problems of their socialization. The youngest learn the rules of behavior, are included in group activities, and master the basics of culture.
The system of social protection of schoolchildren organically includes a variety of activities held at school, in extracurricular institutions, work with families and the public. The main result of this activity is the formation of the social security of schoolchildren as a stable mental state, including confidence in their successful socio-professional self-determination, as well as effective socialization. Social and pedagogical work contributes to the inclusion in productive work, the system of continuous education.
Social protection of childhood also includes the prevention of pedagogical injuries, education without losers, without repeaters, since they are characterized by mental states that depress vital activity. Social work such a plan is preventive and therapeutic in nature. Practical socio-psychological work is widely used .
An important direction in the socialization of children and adolescents is their rehabilitation in connection with deprivation (educational, psychological, moral, social, etc.), that is, the loss of important personal qualities. At the same time, personal development is diagnosed, individual plans for the restoration of abilities (perceptual, intellectual, communicative, practical activities) are built, correctional groups are organized, actual classes are selected that allow in collective activity to acquire socially valuable knowledge and the ability to use them in work, communication, in personal life. .
The foregoing is closely related to the problem of the so-called "difficult", maladjusted children and adolescents. It should be noted that working with such children requires combining the qualities of a social worker when dealing with those who are involved in helping children (parents, neighbors, friends or officials) and the qualities of a social educator when dealing directly with minors.
Working with "difficult" children, it is necessary to focus on the pragmatism of everyday life. This helps to perceive the child in a specific living space - in the place where he lives, in the family, where his behavior, connections, personal characteristics can be observed, and living conditions, the relationship of psychological, material, social factors become much clearer, since understanding the problem is not limited only to the personality of this child .
Needy children today can count, first of all, on material assistance. Its main task is to maintain an acceptable (necessary and sufficient) standard of living for the child and the family as a whole, who are in a socially difficult situation. Financial assistance is a lump sum payment in cash or natural form, expressed as the amount of money, food, sanitation and hygiene products, child care products, clothes, shoes and other essentials.
The main criterion in establishing the right to material assistance is poverty, as an indicator of need. The bodies of social protection of the population decide on the recognition of the needy as poor and on the provision of material assistance to them, and the municipal centers of social services are directly involved in providing such assistance. The commissions for the distribution and provision of material assistance, created under the social protection authorities, consider the issues of providing such assistance, taking into account the financial situation of the applicant, the composition and income of the family, the reasons and circumstances that prompted the application for help. Unfortunately, in order to receive material assistance, a whole list of certificates and documents is often required, which creates significant difficulties for low-income citizens.
The increase in government spending to support families with children has played a certain role in improving their financial situation, increasing the birth rate of children. However, the share of spending in GDP on supporting families with children in Russia is still much lower than in developed countries. European countries. It can hardly be expected that monetary regulation can radically eliminate the causes that lead to children's unhappiness.
In search of new ways to manage the process and stimulate the necessary changes in the regions, in 2008, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations was established. The Fund is a new modern tool for conducting social policy in the interests of children and families with children in difficult life situations, in the conditions of division of powers between the center and the regions.
The mission of the Fund is to create a new management mechanism that, in the conditions of the division of powers between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, will significantly reduce the prevalence of social disadvantage of children and families with children, stimulate the development effective forms and methods of working with families and children in need.
Directions of the Fund's activity for 2012-2015:
The Fund for Supporting Children in Difficult Life Situations focuses the attention of the regions on the need to organize systemic, comprehensive and interdepartmental work with families and children and believes that a program-targeted approach is the most appropriate tool for organizing such work .
The next type of assistance provided by the state is social services for children with disabilities at home. Home assistance is aimed at improving the level and quality of life of people with disabilities, finding children in their usual habitat - at home, protecting their rights and legitimate interests. Social services at home can be provided on a permanent or temporary basis.
At the social service centers, specialized departments are being created that deal with home care. Social workers visit their charges several times a week. The list of services provided in this case is quite wide. It can be, firstly, the organization of food, life and leisure.
Secondly, social - medical, sanitary - hygienic services (assistance in carrying out medical care, rehabilitation measures, provision of medicines, provision of psychological assistance, hospitalization, etc.).
Thirdly, assistance in obtaining education for disabled people in accordance with their physical capabilities and mental abilities.
Fourthly, legal services (assistance in paperwork, assistance in obtaining benefits and benefits established by the current legislation, etc.). As well as assistance in organizing funeral services .
Children can receive social services in specialized institutions on a stationary and semi-stationary basis. On the basis of full state support, services are provided to the disabled, orphans, children whose parents are deprived of parental rights, convicted, recognized as incapacitated, are on long-term treatment, as well as in the case when the location of the parents is not established. For a period of not more than one year, children of single mothers, the unemployed, refugees, forced migrants can be admitted to hospitals.
Inpatient care for children is provided in orphanages, boarding schools, sanatorium-type orphanages, correctional orphanages (including correctional and psychological), special orphanages (for children with disabilities). These institutions perform the functions of creating favorable conditions close to home, conducive to the mental, emotional and physical development of the individual. Medical-psychological-pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation of children is carried out there; development of educational programs, training and education; ensuring the protection and strengthening of the health of pupils; protection of their interests.
In institutions of social service there are departments of day or night stay. Here, minors can receive semi-stationary social services.
Day care units for children and adolescents are being set up in comprehensive social service centres. In their free time from school, children visit the day care department, where rehabilitation groups of 5 to 10 people are assembled. The activities of rehabilitation groups are carried out on the basis of group programs that take into account individual programs for the rehabilitation of minors.
During the period of stay in the day care department, children and adolescents are provided with hot meals and medicines. In the day care departments there are premises for a medical office and a psychological help office, for conducting training sessions, leisure and circle work, as well as a dining room .
The issue of street children also remains problematic. To solve this problem, the state created specialized institutions that provide children with a temporary shelter.
It is important to note that the provision of temporary shelter to children who find themselves in a difficult life situation contributes to prevention and, in many respects, prevents neglect of minors. For these purposes, specialized institutions for temporary stay are being created - these are social rehabilitation centers for minors, social shelters for children, centers for helping children left without parental care. Minors stay in such institutions for the time necessary to provide social assistance and (or) social rehabilitation and resolve issues of their further placement. Reception of children (from 3 to 18 years old) is carried out around the clock, they can apply on their own, at the initiative of their parents (their legal representatives) .
What are the functions of temporary residence institutions? First of all, it is a help in recovery social status a minor in a group of peers at the place of study, residence. Facilitating the return of children to families, providing social, psychological and other assistance to children and their parents. Organization of medical care and training, assistance in vocational guidance and obtaining a specialty, etc. Institutions such as social shelters, together with the authorities and institutions of education, health care, internal affairs and other organizations, carry out activities to identify children in need of emergency social assistance. Assist guardianship and guardianship authorities in the placement of minors left without parental care .
The next type of social assistance is rehabilitation services. Different categories of children need them: disabled people, juvenile delinquents, street children, homeless children, etc.
The rehabilitation process is a complex process that includes a whole range of measures: medical, psychological, professional rehabilitation. Such measures are aimed at preserving and restoring the health of the child and his life support environment.
One of the main areas of rehabilitation is the preferential provision of disabled children with prostheses, orthopedic products, and means of transportation - wheelchairs. To date, there are about 200 manufacturers of technical equipment necessary for the rehabilitation of disabled people. It is no secret that rehabilitation services in our country are at a rather low level - there are not enough funds to provide free provision to all citizens in need; there are few enterprises specializing in the development and production of prosthetic and orthopedic products; The quality of such products also often leaves much to be desired.
Legislation guarantees children with disabilities the right to receive professions free of charge, which is implemented in 42 special educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, where more than 7 thousand people study. Training is also carried out in general educational institutions. Within the framework of secondary vocational education, training is provided in modern specialties related to management, finance, banking, social security organization, etc.
Disabled children preschool age receive rehabilitation services in preschool institutions of a general type, and if this is excluded for reasons of their health, then in special preschool institutions. The maintenance of disabled children in preschool and educational institutions is carried out at the expense of the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation.
It is important to note that if it is not possible to educate and educate disabled children in general or special preschool and general educational institutions, the education of disabled children with the consent of their parents is carried out at home according to a complete general educational or individual program. Training is conducted, as a rule, by the educational institution closest to the place of residence of a disabled child. For the period of study, the educational institution provides free textbooks, educational and reference literature available in the library of the educational institution. Based on the results of the training, a state-recognized document on the corresponding education is issued .
In this way, the principle of giving priority to the provision of social services to minors has been proclaimed at the state level. Obviously, taking care of the younger generation is one of the main tasks of the state. After all, timely assistance helps to return a child who has fallen into a difficult life situation back to normal. full life. At the same time, material well-being, spiritual development and moral health of the younger generation are decisive. Ignoring the tasks set is immoral.
Pronin A.A. Socio-legal protection of childhood in Russia // Issues of juvenile justice. - 2009. - N 6. - S. 4.
Omigov V.I. Features of combating juvenile delinquency // Russian justice. - 2012. - N 1. - S. 24.
