From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors (May 25 (June 6), 1895 - August 30, 1919) - officer of the Russian Imperial Army of wartime (second lieutenant), commander of the Ukrainian rebel formations, head of the Red Army during the Civil War in Russia, member of the Communist Party since 1918 (before that was close to the Left SRs).
Biography
Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (since 1924 - Snovsk, now the regional center of the city of Shchors, Chernihiv region of Ukraine) in the family of a railway worker.
In 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv. On August 1, 1914, the Russian Empire entered the First World War. Nikolai went to the front as a volunteer military paramedic.
Civil War
In March - April 1918, Shchors led the united rebel partisan detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st revolutionary army, participated in battles with the German invaders.
In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October - November, he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German invaders and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which liberated Chernihiv, Kyiv and Fastov from the troops of the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
On February 5, 1919, 23-year-old Nikolai Shchors was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary revolutionary weapon.
Front in December 1919
From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shchors commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a swift offensive, recaptured Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Zhmerynka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the Sarny - Rovno - Brody - Proskurov region, and then in the summer of 1919 defended in the region of Sarny - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of the Polish Republic and the Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the east under pressure from superior forces.
On August 15, 1919, during the reorganization of the Ukrainian Soviet divisions into regular units and formations of the unified Red Army, the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division under the command of N. A. Shchors was merged with the 44th border division under the command of I. N. Dubovoy, becoming 44th Rifle Division of the Red Army. On August 21, Shchors became her head, and Dubova became the deputy head of the division. The division consisted of four brigades.
The division stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (on August 31, the city was taken by the Volunteer Army of General Denikin) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th Army.
On August 30, 1919, in a battle with the 7th brigade of the 2nd corps of the Ukrainian Galician Army near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine), while in the forward chains of the Bogunsky regiment, Shchors was killed under unclear circumstances. He was shot in the back of the head at close range, presumably from 5-10 paces.
The likely perpetrator of the murder of the red commander is Pavel Samuilovich Tankhil-Tankhilevich. He was twenty-six years old, he was born in Odessa, graduated from high school, spoke French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. Two months after the death of Shchors, he left Ukraine and arrived on the Southern Front as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.
Interesting Facts
The rebuke of "ataman" Shchors to "pan-hetman" Petliura, 1919
Until 1935, the name of Shchors was not widely known, even the TSB did not mention him. In February 1935, presenting Alexander Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin, Stalin suggested that the artist create a film about the "Ukrainian Chapaev", which was done. Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors, schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. In 1936, Matvey Blanter (music) and Mikhail Golodny (lyrics) wrote "Song of Shchors":
The detachment was walking along the shore,
Went from afar
Went under the red flag
Regiment commander.
The head is tied
Blood on my sleeve
A trail of bloody creeps
On wet grass.
"Boys, whose will you be,
Who will lead you into battle?
Who is under the red banner
Is the wounded man coming?"
"We are the sons of laborers,
We are for a new world
Shchors goes under the banner -
Red commander.
In hunger and cold
His life has passed
But not in vain shed
His blood was.
Thrown behind the cordon
fierce enemy,
Tempered from youth
Honor is dear to us."
Like many commanders of the Civil War, Nikolai Shchors was only a "bargaining chip" in the hands of the powers that be. He died at the hands of those for whom their own ambitions and political goals were more important than human lives. These people did not care that, left without a commander, the division had practically lost its combat effectiveness. As the hero of the Civil War and a former member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Ukrainian Front E. Shadenko said, “only enemies could tear Shchors away from the division, into whose consciousness he had grown roots. And they tore it off."
V. M. Sklyarenko, I. A. Rudycheva, V. V. Syadro. 50 famous mysteries of the history of the XX century
Nikolai Shchors was one of the brightest representatives of the "new wave" of commanders of the regular Red Army. To what extent the results of the victory of the Red Army would satisfy this independent, charismatic personality, this is another, difficult question. People of a completely different plan took advantage of its fruits - Stalin, Trotsky (they were still formally together), Voroshilov, Budyonny. Heroes or anti-heroes of the Civil War (on the part of the "winners"), for the most part, did not survive the repressions of the 30s
Sergey MAKHUN, "The Day", (Kyiv - Shchors, Chernihiv region - Kyiv)
The purpose of this article is to find out how the vile murder of the hero of the Civil War NIKOLAY SHCHORS is embedded in his FULL NAME code.
Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".
Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If your screen shows a shift in numbers and letters, adjust the scale of the image.
26 41 58 76 90 100 111 126 138 139 149 150 162 168 179 197 198 212 217 234 249 252 262 286
SCH O R S N I K O L A Y A L E X A N D R O V I C
286 260 245 228 210 196 186 175 160 148 147 137 136 124 118 107 89 88 74 69 52 37 34 24
14 24 35 50 62 63 73 74 86 92 103 121 122 136 141 158 173 176 186 210 236 251 268 286
N I K O L A Y A L E X A N D R O V I C H S O R S
286 272 262 251 236 224 223 213 212 200 194 183 165 164 150 145 128 113 110 100 76 50 35 18
Readers familiar with my articles on assassination attempts and traumatic brain injuries will immediately notice that this article also deals with shooting in the head. In particular, speaking about this, such figures as:
103 = SHOT. 50 = HEAD. 139 = BRAIN, etc.
Let's decipher individual words and sentences:
SCHORS = 76 = WEAPON, DESTROYED.
NIKOLAI ALEKSANDROVICH \u003d 210 \u003d 154-SHOT + 56-DIED.
The number 154 is between the numbers 148 = BREAKED THE SKULL and 160 = BLOOD IS GOING TO THE BRAIN, and the number 56 is in the word NICHOLAS between the numbers 50 = HEAD and 62 = ON THE SPOT.
210 - 76 = 134 = PASSED OUT OF LIFE.
SCHORS NIKOLAI = 149 = DEADLY, KILLED INSTANTLY.
ALEKSANDROVICH \u003d 137 \u003d DOOMED, MURDERING, INSTANT \ I am death \.
149 - 137 \u003d 12 \u003d L \ detail \.
ALEKSANDROVICH SCHORS = 213 = DEATH COME.
NIKOLAI \u003d 73 \u003d BREAKED, BEND.
213 - 73 = 140 = HEAD WOUND.
From the three words received, we make sentences corresponding to the "scenario" embedded in the FULL NAME code:
286 = 134-PASSED + 12 + 140-HEAD WOUND = 134-PASSED + 152-\ 12 + 140 - HEAD PUNCH.
286 = 140 - HEAD WOUND + 146 - \ 134 + 12 \ - BLEEDING, BLOWED BY A BULLET.
Code DATE OF DEATH: 08/30/1919. This is = 30 + 08 + 19 + 19 = 76 = DESTROYED.
DEATH DAY code = 115-THIRTY, FATAL + AUGUST 66, NON-LIFE, CUSTOMIZED = 181 = BULLET BRAIN TEST = TERMINATION OF LIFE.
Code of FULL DATE OF DEATH = 181-THIRTH OF AUGUST + 38-KHAN, MURDER \ n \-\ 19 + 19 \-\ YEAR OF DEATH code \ = 219 = DEATH.
286 \u003d 219 + 67 - DIED.
Code of COMPLETE YEARS OF LIFE = 86-TWENTY, WILL DIE + 100-FOUR, OVERVIEW = 186 = 82-SHOT + 104-KILLED = KILLED BY A BULLET IN POINT.
286 \u003d 186-TWENTY-FOUR + 100-OLD.
186-TWENTY-FOUR - 100-SUSPENDED = 86 = DIE.
"There was a detachment along the shore,
Went from afar
Went under the red flag
Regiment Commander"
These lines must have been heard more than once even by those who grew up in post-Soviet times. But not everyone knows that they were taken from the Song of Shchors.
Nikolai Shchors in the Soviet period of history, he was included in the list of heroes of the revolution, whose exploits children learned about in elementary school, if not in kindergarten. Comrade Shchors was one of those who gave their lives in the struggle for the happiness of the working people. That is why he, like other fallen revolutionaries, was not affected by the subsequent stages of the political struggle against the exclusion from history of yesterday's comrades-in-arms, declared "enemies of the people."
Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors (1895-1919), red commander, commander of the Civil War in Russia. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors was born on June 6, 1895 in the Chernihiv region, in the village of Snovsk, Velikoshchimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, according to some sources, in the family of a wealthy peasant, according to others, a railway worker.
The future revolutionary hero did not think about class battles in his youth. Kolya Shchors could well have made a spiritual career - after graduating from a parochial school, he studied at the Chernigov Theological School, and then at the Kyiv Seminary.
Shchors' life changed with the outbreak of the First World War. A failed priest graduates from a military paramedic school and is appointed to the post of military paramedic of an artillery regiment as a volunteer. In 1914-1915 he took part in the fighting on the North-Western Front.
In October 1915, his status changed - 20-year-old Shchors was assigned to active military service and transferred as a private to a reserve battalion. In January 1916, he was sent to a four-month accelerated course at the Vilna Military School, evacuated to Poltava.
By that time, the Russian army had a serious problem with officer cadres, so everyone who, from the point of view of command, had abilities, was sent for training.
After graduating from school with the rank of warrant officer, Nikolai Shchors served as a junior company officer in the 335th Anapa Infantry Regiment of the 84th Infantry Division, which operated on the Southwestern and Romanian fronts. In April 1917, Shchors was awarded the rank of second lieutenant.
The commanders who sent the young soldier for training were not mistaken: he really had the makings of a commander. He knew how to win over his subordinates, to become an authority for them.
Lieutenant Shchors, however, in addition to officer epaulettes, earned himself tuberculosis in the war, for the treatment of which he was sent to a military hospital in Simferopol.
It was there that the hitherto apolitical Nicholas joined the revolutionary movement, falling under the influence of agitators.
Shchors' military career could have ended in December 1917, when the Bolsheviks, who had embarked on a course to exit the war, began to demobilize the army. Nikolai Shchors also went home.
Reproduction of the plate "Song of Shchors". The work of Palekh masters. Palekh village. Photo: RIA Novosti / Khomenko
The peaceful life of Shchors did not last long - in March 1918, Chernihiv region was occupied by German troops. Shchors was among those who decided to fight the invaders with weapons in their hands.
In the very first skirmishes, Shchors shows courage, determination and becomes the leader of the rebels, and a little later the commander of a united partisan detachment created from disparate groups.
Within two months, the Shchors detachment caused a lot of headaches for the German army, but the forces were too unequal. In May 1918, the partisans retreat to the territory of Soviet Russia, where they cease military activities.
Shchors makes another attempt to integrate into civilian life by applying for admission to the medical faculty of Moscow University. However, the Civil War is gaining momentum, and Shchors accepts the offer of one of his comrades in the partisan detachment Kazimierz Kwiatek re-enter the armed struggle for the liberation of Ukraine.
In July 1918, the All-Ukrainian Central Military Revolutionary Committee (VTsVRK) was formed in Kursk, which plans to carry out a large-scale Bolshevik armed uprising in Ukraine. The VTsRVK needs commanders with experience in fighting in Ukraine, and Shchors comes in handy.
Shchors is given the task of forming a regiment from among the local residents in the neutral zone between the German troops and the territory of Soviet Russia, which should become part of the 1st Ukrainian Insurgent Division.
Shchors copes with the task brilliantly and becomes the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet regiment named after the appointed hetman assembled by him Ivan Bohun, which was listed in the documents as "Ukrainian revolutionary regiment named after Comrade Bohun."
The rebuke of "Ataman" Shchors to "Pan-Hetman" Petliura, 1919. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The Shchors Regiment very quickly turns out to be one of the most effective combat units among the rebel formations. Already in October 1918, the merits of Shchors were marked by the appointment of the commander of the 2nd brigade as part of the Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division.
The brigade commander Shchors, with whom the fighters literally fall in love, conducts successful operations to take Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov.
On February 5, 1919, the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine appoints Mykola Shchors as the commandant of Kyiv and awards him with an honorary golden weapon.
And the hero, whom the fighters respectfully call "dad", is only 23 years old ...
The Civil War has its own laws. Military leaders who achieve success often become people who do not have sufficient military education, very young people, who carry people along not so much with their skills, but with pressure, determination and energy. This is exactly what Nikolai Shchors was.
In March 1919, Shchors became the commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division and turned into a real nightmare for the enemy. The Shchors division is conducting a decisive offensive against the Petliurists, defeating their main forces and occupying Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa and Zhmerinka. The Ukrainian nationalists are saved from a complete catastrophe by the intervention of Poland, whose troops support the Petliurists. Shchors is forced to retreat, but his retreat does not even closely resemble the flight of other Bolshevik units.
In the summer of 1919, the Ukrainian insurgent Soviet units were included in the united Red Army. The 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division merges into the 44th Rifle Division of the Red Army, headed by Nikolai Shchors.
In this position, Shchors would have been approved on August 21 and stayed in it for only nine days. On August 30, 1919, the division commander died in battle with the 7th brigade of the 2nd corps of the Petliura Galician army near the village of Beloshitsa.
Shchors was buried in Samara, where his wife's parents lived Frum Rostova. The daughter of Shchors Valentina was born after the death of her father.
Monument at the grave of Shchors in Samara, erected in 1954. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Oddly enough, in the 1920s, the name of Nikolai Shchors was not very familiar to anyone. The rise of its popularity occurred in the 1930s, when the authorities of the Soviet Union seriously set about creating a heroic epic about the revolution and the Civil War, on which new generations of Soviet citizens were to be brought up.
In 1935 Joseph Stalin, presenting the Order of Lenin film director Alexander Dovzhenko, noted that it would be nice to create a heroic film about the "Ukrainian Chapaev" Nikolai Shchors.
Such a film was indeed made, it was released in 1939. But even before its release, books about Shchors appeared, songs, the most famous of which was written in 1936 Matvey Blanter and Mikhail Golodny“Song of Shchors” - lines from it are given at the beginning of this material.
The name of Shchors began to be called streets, squares, towns and cities, monuments to him appeared in various cities of the USSR. In 1954, on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine and Russia, a monument to the hero of the two peoples was erected in Kyiv.
The image of Shchors successfully survived all the winds of change, right up to the collapse of the USSR, when everyone who fought on the side of the Reds was subjected to defamation.
Shchors has a particularly hard time after Euromaidan: firstly, he is a red commander, and everything connected with the Bolsheviks is now anathematized in Ukraine; secondly, he famously smashed the Petliura formations, declared by the current Kyiv regime "hero-patriots", which, of course, they cannot forgive him.
In the history of Nikolai Shchors there is one mystery that has not been solved so far - how exactly did the “Ukrainian Chapaev” die?
Reproduction of the painting "Death of the Commander" (part of the triptych "Shchors"). Artist Pavel Sokolov-Skalya. Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Photo: RIA Novosti
The classic version says: Shchors was killed by a bullet from a Petlyura machine gunner. However, among people close to Shchors, there was persistent talk that he died at the hands of his own.
In 1949, in the year of the 30th anniversary of the death of Shchors, in Kuibyshev (as Samara was called during this period), the exhumation of the remains of the hero and his solemn reburial at the central cemetery of the city took place.
The results of the examination of the remains, conducted in 1949, were classified. The reason was that the examination showed that Shchors was shot in the back of the head.
In the 1960s, when these data became known, the version about the elimination of Shchors by his comrades-in-arms became very common.
True, it will not be possible to habitually blame Comrade Stalin for this, and the point is not only that it was the “leader and teacher” who launched the campaign to glorify Shchors. It’s just that in 1919, Joseph Vissarionovich solved completely different tasks and did not have the influence necessary for such actions. And in principle, Shchors could not interfere with Stalin in any way.
Another thing Lev Davidovich Trotsky. At that time, the second man in Soviet Russia after Lenin, Trotsky was busy forming a regular Red Army, in which iron discipline was imposed. Uncontrollable and too obstinate commanders were disposed of without any sentimentality.
The charismatic Shchors belonged precisely to the category of commanders whom Trotsky did not like. The subordinates of Shchors were first of all devoted to the commander, and only then to the cause of the revolution.
Among those who could carry out the order to eliminate Shchors, they named the name of his deputy Ivan Oak, as well as the authorized Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army Pavel Tankhil-Tankhilevich, subordinate GRU founding father Semyon Aralov.
According to this version, during the shootout with the Petliurists, one of them shot Shchors in the back of the head, then passing it off as enemy fire.
Most of the arguments are against Ivan Oak, who personally bandaged the mortal wound of Shchors and did not allow the regimental paramedic to examine it. It was Dubovoi who became the new division commander after the death of Shchors.
In the 1930s, Dubova managed to write a book of memoirs about Shchors. But in 1937, Dubova, who had risen to the position of commander of the Kharkov military district, was arrested, accused of a Trotskyist conspiracy and shot. For this reason, he could not object to the accusations made in the 1960s.
If we proceed from the version that Shchors was shot to get rid of the "non-systemic" commander, it turns out that Trotsky was very unhappy with him. But the facts say otherwise.
Shortly before the death of its commander, the Shchors division stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which made it possible to organize a planned evacuation of Kyiv before the army attacked Denikin. Thanks to the resilience of the Shchors fighters, the retreat of the Red Army did not turn into a full-scale disaster for it. As already mentioned, nine days before his death, Trotsky approved Shchors as commander of the 44th division. It is unlikely that this will be done in relation to a person whom they are going to get rid of in the very near future.
Reproduction of the painting "N. A. Shchors at V. I. Lenin. 1938 Author Nikita Romanovich Popenko. Kyiv branch of the Central Museum of V. I. Lenin. Photo: RIA Novosti / Pavel Balabanov
But what if the murder of Shchors was not an “initiative from above”, but a personal plan of the ambitious deputy Dubovoy? This is also hard to believe. Such a plan would surface, and Dubovoi would not have taken his head off - either from the fighters of Shchors, who adored the commander, or from the wrath of Trotsky, who extremely disliked such actions carried out without his own approval.
There remains one more option, quite plausible, but not popular with conspiracy theorists - division commander Shchors could become a victim of a bullet ricochet. At the place where it all happened, according to eyewitnesses, there were enough stones that could cause the bullet to bounce off them and hit the back of the head of the red commander. Moreover, the ricochet could be caused both by a shot from the Petliurists, or by a shot from one of the Red Army soldiers.
In this situation, there is an explanation for the fact that Oak himself bandaged Shchors' wound, not letting anyone in to her. Seeing that the bullet hit the back of the head, the deputy division commander was simply frightened. Ordinary fighters, having heard about a bullet in the back of the head, could easily deal with "traitors" - there were plenty of such cases during the Civil War. Therefore, Dubovoy hurried to transfer his anger towards the enemy, and quite successfully. Enraged by the death of the commander, the soldiers of Shchors attacked the positions of the Galicians, forcing them to retreat. At the same time, the Red Army did not take prisoners that day.
It is hardly possible today to establish for certain all the circumstances of the death of Nikolai Shchors, and it does not matter in principle. The red commander Shchors has long taken his place in the history of the Civil War in Ukraine, and the song about him has entered the folklore, regardless of how historians evaluate his personality.
A little less than a hundred years after the death of Nikolai Shchors, the Civil War blazes again in Ukraine, and the new Shchors are fighting to the death with the new Petliurites. But, as they say, that's a completely different story.
Born and raised in the village of Korzhovka, Velikoschimelsky volost, Gorodnyansky district, Chernihiv province (since 1924 - Snovsk, now the regional center of Shchors, Chernihiv region of Ukraine). Born into the family of a wealthy peasant landowner (according to another version - from the family of a railway worker).
In 1914 he graduated from the military paramedic school in Kyiv. At the end of the year, the Russian Empire entered the First World War. Nikolai went to the front first as a military paramedic.
In 1916, the 21-year-old Shchors was sent to a four-month accelerated course at the Vilna Military School, which by that time had been evacuated to Poltava. Then a junior officer on the Southwestern Front. As part of the 335th Anapa Infantry Regiment of the 84th Infantry Division of the Southwestern Front, Shchors spent almost three years. During the war, Nikolai fell ill with tuberculosis, and on December 30, 1917 (after the October Revolution of 1917), Lieutenant Shchors was released from military service due to illness and left for his native farm.
In February 1918, in Korzhovka, Shchors created a Red Guard partisan detachment, in March - April he commanded a united detachment of the Novozybkovsky district, which, as part of the 1st revolutionary army, participated in battles with German invaders.
In September 1918, in the Unecha region, he formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after P.I. Bohun. In October - November, he commanded the Bogunsky regiment in battles with the German interventionists and hetmans, from November 1918 - the 2nd brigade of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet division (Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments), which captured Chernigov, Kyiv and Fastov, repelling them from the troops of the Ukrainian directory .
On February 5, 1919, he was appointed commandant of Kyiv and, by decision of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, was awarded an honorary weapon.
From March 6 to August 15, 1919, Shchors commanded the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which, during a swift offensive, recaptured Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa, Zhmerinka from the Petliurists, defeated the main forces of the Petliurists in the area of Sarny - Rovno - Brody - Proskurov, and then in the summer of 1919 defended in the region of Sarny - Novograd-Volynsky - Shepetovka from the troops of the Polish Republic and the Petliurists, but was forced to retreat to the east under pressure from superior forces.
From August 21, 1919 - commander of the 44th Infantry Division (the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division joined it), which stubbornly defended the Korosten railway junction, which ensured the evacuation of Kyiv (August 31, captured by Denikin's troops) and the exit from the encirclement of the Southern Group of the 12th army.
On August 30, 1919, while in the advanced chains of the Bogunsky regiment, in a battle against the 7th brigade of the II Corps of the UGA near the village of Beloshitsa (now the village of Shchorsovka, Korostensky district, Zhytomyr region, Ukraine), Shchors was killed under unclear circumstances. He was shot in the back of the head at close range, presumably from 5-10 paces.
December 11th, 2013
So the country knew Nikolai Shchors from the mid-1930s. IZOGIZ postcard.
In the Soviet Union, his name was a legend. All over the country, schoolchildren in the classroom learned a song about how "the commander of the regiment walked under the red banner, his head was wounded, blood on his sleeve ..." She is about Shchors, the illustrious hero of the Civil War. Or, in modern terms, a field commander who fought on the side of the Bolsheviks.
Under the Democrats, the attitude towards Shchors changed. Today's students almost never heard of him. And those who are older know that the "red commander" was a Ukrainian from Snovsk (now the city of Shchors, Chernihiv region). After the outbreak of the First World War, he underwent accelerated officer courses and, with the rank of ensign, ended up on the South-Western Front. He rose to the rank of lieutenant.
After the establishment of Soviet power, Shchors became the commander of the First Red Ukrainian Regiment.
It is difficult to judge his military leadership talents: in the very first major clash with Denikin's regular army, Shchors was defeated, and died in October 1919 near the Beloshnitsy station. He was twenty-four years old.
But that's not the whole story...
In the same days, another legendary painter, Vasily Chapaev, who survived Shchors by five days, died in the Urals. He became more famous - rather because the film "Chapaev" with the brilliant Boris Babochkin came out earlier and was more talented than the film "Shchors". (you can see it at the end of the post)
Such, in sum, is a sketchy and fragmentary assessment of the personality of Nikolai Shchors, gleaned from Moscow publications.
SHOT TO THE NECK
That's what writes Matvey SOTNIKOV: I learned about the fate of Shchors from his grandson on the maternal side - Alexander Alekseevich Drozdov. He had a solid journalistic experience, the rank of lieutenant colonel and twenty-one years of service in the KGB. He spent eight of them in Tokyo, combining the work of a journalist under the roof of a Komsomolskaya Pravda correspondent and a Soviet intelligence officer. Then he returned home, in 1988-1990 he worked as the executive editor of Komsomolskaya Pravda, and then headed the newspaper of the Russian parliament - the weekly Rossiya.
Once, when we were on a business trip in Kyiv, Drozdov began to talk about Shchors and some family traditions, and already in Moscow he showed materials on this topic. So in my mind the image of the "Ukrainian Chapaev" (Stalin's definition) received a new interpretation.
... Nikolai Shchors was buried at the Orthodox All Saints cemetery in Samara - away from Ukraine. Prior to this, the body, without an autopsy and medical examination, was transported to Korosten, and from there by a funeral train to Klintsy, where a farewell ceremony was held for relatives and colleagues with the division commander.
Shchors was transported to the final resting place by a freight train in a zinc coffin. Before, in Klintsy, the body was embalmed. The doctors lowered him into a cool solution of table salt. Buried at night, hastily. In fact - secretly, avoiding publicity.
The common-law wife of Shchors, an employee of the Cheka, Fruma Khaikina, wrote in 1935: “... The soldiers, like children, cried at his coffin. These were difficult times for the young Soviet republic. The enemy, who felt that death was near, made his last desperate efforts. The brutal gangs brutally dealt not only with living fighters, but also mocked the corpses of the dead. We could not leave Shchors to be abused by the enemy ... The political department of the army forbade Shchors to be buried in threatened areas. With the coffin of a friend, we went north. The body, placed in a zinc coffin, had a permanent guard of honor. We decided to bury him in Samara" (collection "Legendary Commander", 1935).
The reason why the command took such measures became known only in 1949 after the exhumation of the body. It has been thirty years since the death of Shchors. The surviving veterans sent a letter to Moscow in which they were indignant at the disappearance of the commander's grave. The Kuibyshev authorities received a scolding, and in order to smooth the blame, they urgently created a commission that got down to business.
The first attempt to find the Shchors burial place was made in the spring of 1936, the excavations were carried out by the NKVD Directorate for a month. The second attempt took place in May 1939, but it also turned out to be unsuccessful.
The place where the grave was located was indicated by a casual witness of the funeral - citizen Ferapontov. In 1919, while still a homeless boy, he helped the cemetery watchman. Thirty years later, on May 5, he brought the members of the commission to the territory of the cable plant and there, after a long time thinking, he indicated an approximate square where the search should be conducted. As it turned out later, Shchors' grave was covered with a half-meter layer of rubble.
The commission found that “on the territory of the Kuibyshev cable plant (the former Orthodox cemetery), 3 meters from the right corner of the western facade of the electrical workshop, a grave was found in which the body of N. A. Shchors was buried in September 1919.”
On July 10, 1949, the coffin with the remains of Shchors was transferred to the main alley of the Kuibyshev cemetery, a few years later a granite monument was erected on the grave, to which wreaths and flowers were laid on the red days of the calendar. Pioneers and Komsomol members came here, who did not suspect that the truth about his death was buried along with the remains of Shchors.
Monument to Nikolai Shchors in Kiev.
Let us turn to the official document: “At the first moment after removing the lid of the coffin, the general contours of the head of the corpse with the hair, mustache and beard characteristic of Shchors were clearly distinguishable. The mark left by a gauze bandage in the form of a wide sinking strip running across the forehead and along the cheeks was also clearly visible on the head. Immediately after removing the lid of the coffin, in front of those present, the characteristic features began to change rapidly due to the free access of air, turned into a shapeless mass of a monotonous structure ... "
Forensic experts determined that the damage to the skull was "caused by a bullet from a rifled firearm." She entered the back of the head, and exited at the crown of the head. And here's the most important thing: "The shot was fired at close range, presumably 5-10 steps."
Consequently, Shchors was shot by someone who was nearby, and not at all by the Petliura machine gunner, as it was reproduced many times in the "canonical" books and the feature film. Really ... someone of your own?
OAK AND KVYATEK
Now is the time to turn to the memories of eyewitnesses of that battle. In 1935, the collection "Legendary Chief Division" saw the light of day. Among the memoirs of relatives and friends is the testimony of the person in whose arms Shchors died - Ivan Dubovoy, assistant commander of the Kyiv military district.
He reports: “August 1919 comes to mind. I was appointed deputy commander of the Shchors division. It was near Korosten. Then it was the only bridgehead in Ukraine, where the red banner victoriously fluttered. We were
surrounded by enemies: on the one hand - the Galician-Petliura troops, on the other - Denikin's troops, on the third - the White Poles squeezed tighter and tighter the ring around the division, which by this time had received the numbering of the 44th.
And further: “Shchors and I arrived at the Bogun brigade of Bongardt. In the regiment commanded by comrade. Kvyatek (now commander-commissar of the 17th corps). We drove up to the village of Beloshitsy, where our fighters lay in chains, preparing for the offensive.
“The enemy opened heavy machine-gun fire,” says Dubova, “and especially, I remember, one machine gun at the railway booth showed “dashing”. This machine gun forced us to lie down, because the bullets literally dug the ground around us.
When we lay down, Shchors turned his head to me and said.
Vanya, watch how the machine gunner shoots accurately.
After that, Shchors took binoculars and began to look where the machine-gun fire was coming from. But in a moment, the binoculars fell out of Shchors' hands, fell to the ground, and Shchors' head too. I called out to him:
Nicholas!
But he didn't respond. Then I crawled up to him and began to look. I see blood on the back of my head. I took off his cap - the bullet hit the left temple and exited the back of the head. Fifteen minutes later, Shchors, without regaining consciousness, died in my arms.
So, we see that the person in whose hands Shchors died is deliberately lying, misleading readers about the direction of the bullet's flight. Such a free interpretation of the facts makes one think.
The commander of the 2nd rank Ivan Dubova himself was shot in 1937 on the then standard charge of "treason." The collection "Legendary Chief Division" ended up on the shelf of the special guard.
During the investigation, Dubovoy made a shocking confession, stating that the murder of Shchors was his doing. Explaining the motives for the crime, he stated that he had killed the division commander out of personal hatred and the desire to take his place himself.
The interrogation protocol of December 3, 1937 says: “When Shchors turned his head towards me and said this phrase (“the Galicians have a good machine gun, damn it”), I shot him in the head with a revolver and hit his temple. The then commander of the 388th Infantry Regiment, Kvyatek, who was lying next to Shchors, shouted: “Shchors was killed!” I crawled up to Shchors, and he was in my arms, after 10-15 minutes, without regaining consciousness, he died.
In addition to the confession of Dubovoy himself, Kazimir Kvyatek made similar accusations against him on March 14, 1938, who wrote a statement from the Lefortovo prison addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Yezhov, where he indicated that he directly suspected Dubovoy of the murder of Shchors.
Despite such revelations, no one has charged Dubovoy with the murder of Shchors. Moreover, the recognition did not have any consequences at all and for many years lay on the shelves of the state security archives.
ANOTHER CANDIDATE
Researcher Nikolai Zenkovich, one of the largest specialists in historical mysteries, spent a lot of time searching for the printed works of the former commander of the Bogunsky regiment. No trace. And suddenly, when the last hope seemed to have disappeared, in the filing of the Ukrainian newspaper Kommunist for March 1935, the stubborn historian discovered a small note signed by the person he was looking for.
So, Kazimir Kvyatek writes: “August 30 at dawn, the enemy launched an offensive on the left flank of the front, covering Korosten ... The headquarters of the Bogunsky regiment was then in Mogilny. I went to the left flank to the village of Beloshitsa. By phone I was warned that the headquarters of the regiment in the village. Mogilnoye arrived head of division comrade. Shchors, his deputy comrade. Oak and the representative of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army Comrade. Tankhil-Tankhilevich. I reported on the situation by phone ... After a while, Comrade. Shchors and those accompanying him drove up to our front line ... We lay down. Tov. Shchors raised his head, took binoculars to look. At that moment, an enemy bullet hit him ... "
In March 1989, the newspaper "Radyanska Ukraina" directly pointed to the criminal who shot Shchors with the sanction of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army. The authors of the publication managed to get some information about him. Tankhil-Tankhilevich Pavel Samuilovich. Twenty six years old. Originally from Odessa. Dandy. Graduated from high school. He spoke quite fluently in French and German. In the summer of 1919 he became a political inspector of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army.
Two months after the death of Shchors, he hastily disappears from Ukraine and is announced on the Southern Front, already as a senior censor-controller of the Military Censorship Department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 10th Army.
The investigation was continued by Rabochaya Gazeta, published in Kyiv. She published downright sensational material - excerpts from the memoirs of Major General Sergei Ivanovich Petrikovsky (Petrenko), written back in 1962, but not published for reasons of Soviet censorship. At the time of Shchors' death, he commanded the Separate Cavalry Brigade of the 44th Army - and, it turns out, also accompanied the division commander to the front line.
“August 30,” the general reports, “Shchors, Dubovoi, I and the political inspector from the 12th Army were about to leave for units along the front. Shchors' car seems to have been repaired. Decided to use my … Left 30 afternoon. Casso (the driver) and I are in the front, Shchors, Oak and the political inspector are in the back seat. At the site of the Bogun brigade, Shchors decided to linger. We agreed that I would go by car to Ushomir and from there I would send a car for them. And then they will come to Ushomir to the cavalry brigade and take me back to Korosten.
Arriving in Ushomir, I sent a car for them, but a few minutes later they were told by the field telephone that Shchors had been killed ... I rode on horseback to Korosten, where they took him.
The driver Kasso drove the already dead Shchors to Korosten. In addition to Dubovoy and the nurse, a lot of people were clinging to the car, obviously - commanders and fighters.
I saw Shchors in his carriage. He was lying on the couch, his head was helplessly bandaged. For some reason, Oak was in my carriage. He gave the impression of an excited person, repeated several times how the death of Shchors happened, thought about it, looked out the window of the car for a long time. His behavior then seemed normal to me for a man next to whom his comrade was suddenly killed. Only one thing I didn’t like ... Dubovoy began to tell several times, trying to give a humorous tinge to his story, when he heard the words of a Red Army soldier lying on the right: “What kind of bastard is shooting from a livorvert? ..” A spent cartridge case fell on the Red Army soldier’s head. The political inspector fired from the Browning, according to Dubovoy. Even parting for the night, he again told me how the political inspector fired at the enemy at such a great distance ... "
The general is convinced that the shot that killed Shchors was fired after the Red artillery smashed the railway booth behind which he was located to pieces.
“During the firing of an enemy machine gun,” the general reports, “near Shchors, Dubovoy lay down on one side, and on the other, a political inspector. Who is on the right and who is on the left - I have not yet established, but it no longer matters much. I still think that it was the political inspector who shot, not Dubovoy. But without the assistance of Oak, the murder could not have happened ... Only relying on the assistance of the authorities in the person of the deputy Shchors - Dubovoy, on the support of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army, the criminal committed this terrorist act.
I think that Dubovoi became an unwitting accomplice, perhaps even believing that this was for the good of the revolution. How many such cases do we know! I knew Dubovoy, and not only from the Civil War. He seemed like an honest man to me. But he also seemed weak-willed to me, without special talents. He was nominated, and he wanted to be nominated. That's why I think he was made an accomplice. And he did not have the courage to prevent the murder.
Bandaged the head of the dead Shchors right there, on the battlefield, personally Oak himself. When the nurse of the Bogunsky Regiment Rosenblum Anna Anatolyevna (now she lives in Moscow) offered to bandage more carefully, Dubovoi did not allow her. By order of Oak, the body of Shchors was sent without a medical examination for farewell and burial ... "
It is obvious that Dubovoy could not help but know that the bullet "exit" hole is always larger than the "inlet". Therefore, apparently, he forbade removing the bandages.
A member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 12th Army was Semyon Aralov, a confidant of Leon Trotsky. He twice wanted to remove the "indomitable partisan" and "enemy of the regular troops", as they called Shchors, but he was afraid of the revolt of the Red Army.
After an inspection trip to Shchors, which lasted no more than three hours, Semyon Aralov turned to Trotsky with a convincing request to find a new division chief - just not from the locals, because the "Ukrainians" are all as one "with kulak moods." In a response cipher, the Demon of the Revolution ordered a strict purge and "refreshment" of the command staff. A conciliatory policy is unacceptable. Any measures are good. You have to start from the head.
By all appearances, Aralov was zealous in fulfilling the instructions of his formidable master. In his manuscript "In Ukraine 40 years ago (1919)" he involuntarily let slip: "Unfortunately, persistence in personal behavior led Shchors to an untimely death."
Yes, about discipline. During the reorganization of the armed forces of Red Ukraine, the Shchors division was supposed to be transferred to the Southern Front. This, in particular, was insisted by the People's Commissar of the Republic for Military and Naval Affairs Podvoisky. Substantiating his proposal in a memorandum addressed to the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Ulyanov-Lenin dated June 15, he emphasized that, having been in parts of the 1st Army, he finds the only combat division on this front, Shchors, which includes the most well-coordinated regiments.
Yevgeny Samoilov as "Ukrainian Chapaev" Nikolai Shchors
In the Soviet Union, five monuments to the legendary commander were erected and the same number of Shchors museums were opened. Comrade Stalin called him "Ukrainian Chapaev", director Alexander Dovzhenko dedicated a film to him, writer Semyon Sklyarenko - the trilogy "Way to Kyiv", and composer Boris Lyatoshinsky - "nominal" opera.
ORIGIN
However, the most, undoubtedly, the most famous artistic embodiment of Shchors was the work of the songwriter Mikhail Golodny (Mikhail Semyonovich Epshtein) “The Song of Shchors”. The people called her by the first lines: "There was a detachment along the shore."
The old station of Snovsk, since 1935 - the city of Shchors. Not used for its intended purpose, episodes of the film "Heavy Sand" were filmed here
After the death of the Soviet Union, the pendulum swung the other way. It got to the point that in 1991, one fat Moscow magazine, in all seriousness, claimed that there was no mention of Shchors.
Allegedly, the origin of the myth began with the famous meeting between Stalin and artists in March 1935. It was then, at that meeting, that the leader turned to Alexander Dovzhenko with the question: “Why do the Russian people have the hero Chapaev and a film about the hero, but the Ukrainian people don’t have such a hero?”
Thus began the legend...
The squad was walking along the shore,
Walked from afar
Went under the red flag
Regiment commander.
The head is tied
Blood on my sleeve
A trail of bloody creeps
On wet grass.
"Whose lads will you be,
Who is leading you into battle?
Who is under the red banner
Is the wounded man coming?"
"We are the sons of laborers,
We are for a new world
Shchors goes under the banner -
Red commander.
The time of its creation is 1936. It should be noted, however, that poetry were written a year earlier. At first the poet showed them to the composer Ivan Shishov, and he composed to them music.
Mikhail Golodny
The authors presented their song on the competition. Without waiting for the results of the competition, the newspaper decided to publish it. And in the issue of July 31, 1935, under the heading "Competition for the best song" were placed the words and notes"Songs about the Shchors detachment".
But this song did not receive recognition. Then M. Golodny turned with his poems to the composer M. Blanter.
Mikhail Golodny
Matvey Blanter
The music composed by Blanter surprisingly coincided in mood with the figurative fabric of the verses, thanks to it the song gained wings, it was sung everywhere.
The "Song of Shchors" became widespread in the army amateur art groups, which became its main popularizers and propagandists.
Soon she was recorded on a gramophone record.
Mark Reizen
This song owes a lot to the outstanding Soviet singer, People's Artist of the USSR Mark Osipovich Reizen. Having performed it for the first time during the celebration of the 20th anniversary of October at the solemn concert at the Bolshoi Theater, he performed with her with great success for many years, and after the war he recorded on a record with chorus and orchestra All-Union radio governed by V. Knushevitsky.
But let's continue with our story...
"N. A. Shchors in the battle near Chernigov. Artist N. Samokish, 1938
Shchors' father, Alexander Nikolaevich, was a native of Belarusian peasants. In search of a better life, he moved from the Minsk province to the small Ukrainian village of Snovsk. From here he was taken to the imperial army.
Returning to Snovsk, Alexander Nikolayevich got a job at the local railway depot. In August 1894, he married his countrywoman, Alexandra Mikhailovna Tabelchuk, and in the same year he built his own house.
Shchors knew the Tabelchuk family for a long time, since its head, Mikhail Tabelchuk, led an artel of Belarusians who worked in the Chernihiv region. At one time, Alexander Shchors also included in its composition.
The future division commander Nikolai Shchors quickly learned to read and write - at the age of six he already knew how to read and write tolerably. In 1905 he entered the parochial school.
And a year later, a great grief happened in the Shchorsov family - being pregnant with her sixth child, her mother, Alexandra Mikhailovna, died of bleeding. This happened when she was in her small homeland, in Stolbtsy (modern Minsk region). She was also buried there.
Six months after the death of his wife, the head of the Shchorsov family remarried. His new chosen one was Maria Konstantinovna Podbelo. From this marriage, Nikolai had two half-brothers, Grigory and Boris, and three half-sisters - Zinaida, Raisa and Lydia.
THERE WAS NO SEMINARIES!
In 1909, Nikolai graduated from high school and the following year, together with his brother Konstantin, he entered the Kyiv military paramedic school. Her pupils were fully supported by the state.
Shchors studied conscientiously and four years later, in July 1914, he received a diploma of a medical assistant and the rights of a volunteer of the 2nd category.
“The whole problem was that after leaving the school, Shchors was obliged to serve at least three years as a paramedic,” according to the UNECHAonline website. - Shchors, we recall, graduated from college in 1914. At the same time, as stated in a number of sources, in order to avoid the mandatory three-year medical assistant's service, he decides to falsify and forwards in his diploma (certificate) the date of graduation from the medical assistant's school from 1914 to 1912, which gives him the right already in 1915 to be released from the status volunteer.
The archives of the Unecha Museum have an electronic copy of this certificate, from which it really follows that Shchors entered the school on August 15, 1910 and graduated in June 1912. However, the number "2" is somewhat unnatural, and it is very likely that it really was forwarded from the four.
As "authoritatively" stated in some sources, Shchors studied at the Poltava Teacher's Seminary - from September 1911 to March 1915. There is a clear inconsistency. So we can conclude: Shchors did not study at the seminary, and the certificate of graduation is fake.
“In favor of this version,” writes UNECHAonline, “may be evidenced by the fact that in August 1918, Shchors, submitting documents for admission to the medical faculty of Moscow University, among other papers, presented a certificate of graduation from the Poltava Seminary, which, in contrast from the certificate of completion of the 4th grade of the paramedic school, gave the right to enter the university.
So this evidence, a copy of which is also in the Unecha museum, was apparently corrected by Shchors just for presentation to Moscow University.
WHOSE BADS WILL YOU BE?
After studying, Nikolai was assigned to the troops of the Vilna military district, which became front-line with the outbreak of the First World War. As part of the 3rd Light Artillery Battalion, Shchors was sent near Vilna, where he was wounded in one of the battles and was sent for treatment.
Ensign of the Russian Imperial Army Nikolai Shchors
In 1915, Shchors was already among the cadets of the Vilna Military School, evacuated to Poltava, where non-commissioned officers and warrant officers, due to the martial law, began to be trained according to a shortened four-month program. In 1916, Shchors successfully completed the course of a military school and, with the rank of ensign, left for the rear troops in Simbirsk.
In the autumn of 1916, the young officer was transferred to serve in the 335th Anapa Regiment of the 84th Infantry Division of the Southwestern Front, where Shchors rose to the rank of second lieutenant.
At the end of 1917, a short military career ended abruptly. His health failed - Shchors fell ill (almost an open form of tuberculosis) and after a short treatment in Simferopol on December 30, 1917, he was discharged due to unsuitability for further service.
Being out of work, Nikolai Shchors at the end of 1917 decides to return home. The estimated time of his appearance in Snovsk is January of the eighteenth year. By this time, the country, which had fallen apart, had undergone tremendous changes. In Ukraine, at the same time, an independent Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed.
Around the spring of 1918, the period of creating a combat unit began, headed by Nikolai Shchors. In the history of the civil war, in its red chronicle, it entered under the name of the Bogunsky regiment.
On August 1, 1919, near Rovno, during a mutiny, Timofei Chernyak, commander of the Novgorod-Seversk brigade, was killed under unclear circumstances.
On August 21 of the same year, Vasily Bozhenko, the commander of the Tarashchan brigade, suddenly died in Zhytomyr. It is alleged that he was poisoned - according to the official version, he died of pneumonia.
The grave of Nikolai Shchors in the city of Samara. At the Kuibyshevkabel plant, where his first grave was located, a bust of the legendary commander was erected
Both commanders were the closest associates of Nikolai Shchors.
Until 1935, his name was not widely known; even the Great Soviet Encyclopedia of the first edition did not mention him. In February 1935, when presenting the Order of Lenin to Alexander Dovzhenko at a meeting of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Stalin suggested that the director create a film about the "Ukrainian Chapaev."
Shchors you know?
Think about it.
Soon, the personal artistic and political order was masterfully executed. The main role in the film was brilliantly played by Evgeny Samoilov.
Later, several books, songs, even an opera were written about Shchors. Schools, streets, villages and even a city were named after him. As mentioned at the beginning, Matvey Blanter and Mikhail Golodny in the same 1935 wrote the famous “Song of Shchors”.
In hunger and cold
His life has passed
But not in vain shed
His blood was.
Thrown behind the cordon
fierce enemy,
Tempered from youth
Honor is dear to us.
The parental home of Nikolai Shchors in Snovsk
Like many field commanders, Nikolai Shchors was only a "bargaining chip" in the hands of the powers that be. He died at the hands of those for whom their own ambitions and political goals were more important than human lives.
As a former member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Ukrainian Front, E. Shchadenko, said, “only enemies could tear Shchors away from the division, in whose consciousness he had grown roots. And they tore it off." However, the truth about the death of Nikolai Shchors still made its way.
or about what Kolchak quite the same. And of course, in the light of the current topic, I cannot but remind you of The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made - 
N. A. Shchors, as a remarkable organizer and commander of the first detachments of the Red Army, began his activities on the territory of the Novozybkovsky, Klintsovsky, Unechsky regions - which in 1918 were part of Ukraine.
When the "Austro-German troops, which included 41 corps, began to attack Novozybkov from Gomel, dozens of Red Guard and partisan detachments of workers and peasants led by the communists rose to meet them: One of such detachments led by N. A. Shchors arrived in the village of Semenovka, Iovozybkovsky district.Having united with the Semenovsky partisan detachment, Shchors made an attempt to detain the Germans in Zlynka.
After a heavy battle, under the command of Shchors, a small group of fighters shriveled. But that didn't stop him. Having replenished the detachment with new volunteers in Novozybkov with the help of the city party organization, Shchors continued the fight against the aeyevYayi. okkup "amtami. Holding back their offensive, he fought back from Novo-zybkov to Klintsy and further to Unecha - to the border of Soviet Russia,
After the very first battles with the Germans, Shchors realized that it was impossible to fight the enemy’s regular troops armed to the teeth, “having small scattered small partisan detachments. He begins to create regular units of the Red Army from partisan detachments.
In September 1918, in Unecha, he organized the First Ukrainian Soviet Insurgent Regiment named after Bohun (Bogun Regiment) from partisan masses. Shchors prepared the regiment for an offensive to support the popular uprising that had intensified in Ukraine. At the same time, he established contact with the partisan detachments operating in the forests of the Chernihiv region. Through Shchors there was help from Soviet Russia to the struggling Ukraine.
Not far from the location of the Bogunsky regiment, several more rebel regiments were formed from partisan detachments at the same time. In the village of Seredina-Buda, the Kyiv carpenter Vasily Bozhenko formed the Tara-Shansky regiment. And in the forests east of Novgorod-Seversk, the Novgorod-Seversky regiment was formed. All these regiments later merged into the First Ukrainian Insurgent Division.
The revolution in Germany somewhat changed the situation. In Unecha, at the headquarters of the Bogunsky regiment, a delegation of soldiers from the German garrison from the village of Lyschich and, bypassing her command, began negotiations on the evacuation of her units. A rally was organized at the Unecha station, which was attended by delegates, local communists, fighters of the Bogunsky regiment and other military units. Shchors sent a telegram to Moscow addressed to V. I. Lenin, in which he reported that a delegation with music, banners, with the Bogunsky regiment in full combat strength went on the morning of November 13, to a demonstration beyond the demarcation line with. Lyschichy and in Kustichi Vryanovy, from where representatives from the German units arrived.
No longer relying on their soldiers, the German command began to hastily replace them with Russian White Guards and Ukrainian nationalists. Petlyura, the strangler of freedom, swam out again to Siena. This created a great danger for the revolution. A quick offensive against the enemies of the Russian and Ukrainian peoples was necessary.
At this time, a powerful popular uprising began in Ukraine. On November 11, the Council of People's Commissars, chaired by V. j. Lenin gave the command of the Red Army a directive: within ten days to begin (an offensive to support the insurgent workers and peasants in Ukraine. On November 1, on the initiative of V.I. Lenin, the Ukrainian Revolutionary Military Council was created under the chairmanship of I.V. order to attack Kiev. By this time, in the neutral zone, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army was formed from separate units and partisan detachments, consisting of two divisions. Fulfilling the instructions of Lenin and Stalin, despite the opposition of the Trotskyist traitors, this army quickly went on the offensive. The First Ukrainian the division from the Unechi region advanced on Kiev, led by the Bogunsky regiment of Shchors, led by the Tarashchansky regiment of Bozhenko, who was subordinate to Shchors as a brigade commander.
How. As soon as Shchors went on the offensive, volunteers again reached out to him from all sides. Almost every village fielded a platoon or company of rebels who had been waiting for Shchors for a long time. Shchors reported: “The population everywhere welcomes joyfully. Great influx of volunteers vouched for by the Councils and Committees of the Poor.”
As far as Klintsy, where the 106th German regiment was concentrated for evacuation, the Bogunians passed without a fight. In Klintsy, a trap was being prepared for Shchors. The German command openly announced the evacuation of troops, and armed the urban bourgeoisie and the Haidamaks. Shchors moved the regiment into the city, counting on the neutrality of the Germans, but when the first and third battalions of the Bogunians set foot in Klintsy, the Germans, calmly letting them through, suddenly hit in the rear. Shchors quickly turned his battalions against the Germans and cleared his way back with a swift blow. Bogunsky regiment - withdrew to their original positions. The cunning of the German command forced Shchors to change tactics. He ordered the first battalion of the Tarashansky regiment, which had already occupied Ogarodub, to immediately turn to the Svyatets junction and, having gone to the rear of the Germans, to cross the Klintsy-Novozybkov railway. Maneuver
Shchorsa - turned out to be successful - Now the Germans were trapped. The Klintsrva garrison of the invaders was surrounded. The German soldiers refused to obey their officers and laid down their arms. Thus ended the attempt by the invaders to delay the advance of Shchors. German-; the command was forced to negotiate about. evacuation. The meeting took place in the village of Turosna, the Germans undertook to clear Klintsy on December 11 and, on the way, to leave the bridges, telephone and telegraph in complete safety. A hasty evacuation began in Klintsy. tion. The Germans, selling weapons, left Ukraine, the Gaidamaks, having lost the support of the occupiers, fled the city. Shchors telegraphed to the division headquarters: “Klintsy is occupied by revolutionary troops at 10 o’clock in the morning. The workers met the troops with banners, bread and salt, with shouts of "Hurrah".
From Klintsy, the Germans retreated along the railway to Novozybkov - Gomel. Every day the retreat of the invaders became more hasty and disorderly. - the western part of the territory of the Bryansk Territory The threat to Bryansk has passed.
In Unecha, Novozybkov, Zlynka, the buildings where the headquarters of the units of the Bogunsky regiment were located have been preserved to this day; and in Klintsy a house was preserved, where there was a coffin with the body of the legendary commander N. A. Shchors, who was killed near Korosten. There is a memorial plaque on the house. In Klintsy and Novozybkov, the working people erected monuments to N. A. Shchors.
The name of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shchors, a hero of the Civil War, a talented commander of the Red Army, is dear and close to the workers of our region. In the Bryansk region, he began his activities as an organizer and commander of the first detachments of the Red Army.
N. A. Shchors was born in the village of Snovsk (now the city of Shchors) in the Chernigov province in the family of a railway engineer. He received his primary education at the Snovskaya railway school. In 1910 he entered the military paramedic school in Kyiv. The end of school coincided with the beginning of the First World War. Shchors serves as a military paramedic, and after graduating from the ensign school in 1915, as a junior officer on the Austrian front. In the autumn of 1917, after being discharged from the hospital, Shchors arrived in his native Snovsk, where he contacted an underground Bolshevik organization, and in March 1918, Shchors went to the village of Semyonovna to form an insurgent Red Guard detachment.
In February 1918, the governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary began the occupation of Ukraine. German troops occupied the western districts of our region. Of great importance in organizing a rebuff to the German invaders was the arrival of N. A. Shchors with a detachment to the Bryansk region.
In September 1918, N. A. Shchors, on behalf of the Central Ukrainian Military Revolutionary Committee, formed the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Regiment named after Bohun, a brave associate of B. Khmelnitsky, from separate rebel detachments in the Unecha region. Party organizations of the Bryansk region actively participated in the formation of the regiment. The workers of Starodub, Klintsov, Novozybkov, and Klimov went to N. Shchors. In October, the Bogunsky regiment already numbered over one and a half thousand bayonets.
In November 1918, a revolution broke out in Germany. The Bogunians fraternize with the soldiers of the German garrisons in the border zone near the village. Lyshchichi and send a telegram to V. I. Lenin. A response telegram from the leader arrives in Unecha: "Thank you for the greeting... I am especially touched by the greeting of the revolutionary soldiers of Germany." Further indicating what measures should be taken for the immediate liberation of Ukraine, V. I. Lenin writes: “Time does not endure, not an hour can be lost ...”
At the end of November 1918, the Bogunsky and Tarashchansky regiments went on the offensive. On December 13, the Bogunians liberated the city of Klintsy, on the 25th Novozybkov, having occupied Zlynka, began an attack on Chernigov. On February 5, 1919, the Bogunsky regiment entered Kyiv. Here the regiment was awarded an honorary revolutionary banner, and commander Shchors was awarded an honorary golden weapon "For skillful leadership and maintenance of revolutionary discipline."
In early March, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council, N.A. Shchors was appointed commander of the 1st Ukrainian Soviet Division, which successfully operated against the Petliurites and Belottolyaks near Zhitomir and Vinnitsa, Berdichev and Shepetovka, Rivne and Dubpo, Proskurov and Korosten.
By the summer of 1919, Denikin became the main opponent for the Soviet Republic, but the Shchors division remained in the West, where, in accordance with the plan of the Entente, the Petliurists began to attack. I. N. Dubova, former deputy commander of the Shchors division, writes about this difficult time: “It was near Korosten. Then it was the only Soviet foothold in Ukraine, where the Red Banner victoriously fluttered. We were surrounded by enemies. On the one hand, the Galician, Petliura troops, on the other, Denikin’s troops, and on the third, the White Poles squeezed tighter and tighter the ring around the division, which by this time had received the numbering of the 44th. In these difficult conditions, both on the offensive and on the defensive, Shchors showed himself to be a master of a wide, bold maneuver. He successfully combined the combat operations of regular troops with the actions of partisan detachments.
August 30 in the battle near Korosten II. A. Shchors was killed Nachdiv was 24 years old. The Bolsheviks of the division decided to take the body of Shchors to the rear, to Samara (now the city of Kuibyshev), where he was buried. Nikolai Alexandrovich Shchors enjoyed great prestige among the troops and among the population. Having joined the ranks of the Bolshevik Party in 1918, he wholeheartedly served the party and the revolution until the end of his life.
The death of N. A. Shchors echoed with deep sorrow in the hearts of the working people of the Bryansk region. The inhabitants of Klintsy wished to say goodbye to the ashes of their beloved hero-commander. The coffin with the body of Nikolai Alexandrovich was brought to Klintsy and installed in the house of the county party committee.
People's memory carefully preserves the image of a talented commander. In the cities of Shchors, Kyiv, Korosten, Zhitomir, Klintsy, Unecha, monuments were erected on the grave in Kuibyshev. In places associated with the stay of N. Shchors in the Bryansk region, memorial plaques were installed.
