Pronoun - this is an independent part of speech that indicates an object, sign, quantity, but does not name them.
Depending on the expressed meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished: personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.
The initial form for most pronouns is the nominative singular form.
All pronouns change in cases (me, me, (about) me), some by birth (such, such) and numbers (this, these).
syntax function pronouns depends on what part of speech the given word corresponds to. Pronouns pointing to an object, are correlative with nouns and perform the functions of nouns in a sentence (me, you, he, who, what etc.), and pronouns, indicating a sign, are correlative with adjectives and perform the functions of adjectives in a sentence (mine, yours, whose, what, such etc.), for example:
You - all!
You sky and water... (D. Merezhkovsky)
What do they smell they, then they take into themselves,
They have space in themselves. (I. Kanevsky)
In my dreams - your minutes:
Your Memphis eyes. (V. Bryusov)
Lexico-semantic categories of pronouns
Taking into account lexico-semantic features are the following ranks of pronouns:
Rank of pronouns | Examples |
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I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they. |
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returnable | ||
Possessive | Mine, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. |
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relative | Who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much. |
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Undefined | someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, someone, how much any, anyone, anything, anybody, something, anyone, anybody. |
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Negative | Nobody, nothing, nobody, nobody, nobody, nothing. |
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Interrogative | Who, what, what, what, what (obsolete), which, whose, how much. |
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pointing | That, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete). |
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Determinants | Himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone. |
In some manuals, interrogative and relative pronouns are considered in the same group of interrogative-relative pronouns.
Pronouns can also include words both, both since they express to a greater extent not the quantitative meaning of “two” or “two”, “two”, but the pronominal demonstrative “both one and the other”, “both one and the other”. Wed Both received an award.- Both of them received an award. Both girls were injured in the accident.- Both were injured in the accident.
Personal pronouns
group personal pronouns make up the words: I, you, he (she, it), we, you, they.
Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural indicate persons, participants in the dialogue - the speaker and the interlocutor: I, you, we, you.
Pronouns of the 3rd person singular and plural indicate the one or those who are not participating in the dialogue, or the subject that is being spoken about, was said or will be said in the future: he, she, it, they.
Grammar signs personal pronouns: 1) have face shapes; 2) have the form of a number; 3) pronouns of the 3rd person singular have gender forms; 4) forms of indirect cases are formed from different stems, that is, in a suppletive way (i - me, me; you- you, you; he- him, him; she is- her, her; they- them, them etc.).
Personal pronouns 3rd person, if used with prepositions, may have a form beginning with and: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him. No initial n these pronouns are not used with some derived prepositions: thanks to him, her, them; against him, her, them.
Personal pronouns him, her, them should be distinguished from homonymous possessive pronouns him, her, them. In offers personal pronouns most often refer to verbs and act as complements, for example: The watchman saw him at once. It is impossible not to love her. They have a lot of work. Possessive pronouns him, her, them, as a rule, refer to nouns, act as definitions, for example: Her eyes shone with happiness. His brother has many friends. This is a gift for their daughter. Possessive pronouns, used with prepositions, do not have an initial k. Compare: for him- for his friend; for her- for her friend; for them- for their friends.
2nd person plural pronoun you can be used when referring to one person as a polite form. In this case, the pronoun is most often capitalized, for example: I heartily congratulate you on the holiday. Wishing you all the best.
Reflexive pronoun "myself"
Group reflexive pronouns represented by the word myself. There are no other words in this group.
grammatical meaning reflexive pronoun myself - an indication of the person in question.
Grammar signs reflexive pronoun: 1) has no nominative form; 2) has no form of person, number, gender.
reflexive pronoun myself has no initial form, it changes only in oblique cases. Can refer to any of the personal pronouns of all three persons: He bought himself a book. She bought herself a book. They bought themselves books.
In a sentence reflexive pronoun myself performs the complement function: I would love to treat myself to a small gift.
reflexive pronoun myself in the form of the dative case should be distinguished from a pronoun that is close in meaning to a particle. Wed: He found himself a job.- He goes to himself and does not think about anything. Help yourself.- The performance was not very, so-so. In this case the word myself does not stand out as an independent member of the sentence, but is underlined along with the word to which it refers.
Possessive pronouns
group possessive pronouns make up the words: mine, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, yours.
grammatical meaning possessive pronouns- this is an indication that the object belongs to the person in question (this person can be the speaker, the interlocutor or some third person).
Grammar signs possessive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms; 2) have gender forms; 3) change in cases according to the type of adjectives (except for pronouns him, her, them).
Pronouns him, her, them by origin are a form of the genitive case of personal pronouns he she, they; have gender and number, but do not change by case, although they can be combined with a noun in any case, for example: He saw her father. He met with her father. He was proud of her father. He talked about her father.
Interrogative and relative pronouns
group interrogative pronouns make up the words: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how much.
Interrogative pronouns express a question about an object, attribute or quantity in interrogative sentences.
The same pronouns used to connect simple sentences as part of a complex one make up a group relative pronouns . Wed: Who come? (interrogative) - I don't know who came (relative).
Grammar signs interrogative and relative pronouns: 1) pronouns who, what, how much do not have a form of gender and number, they change by cases; 2) pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and gender, decline according to the type of adjectives, for example: whose\\, h- j- eGo, whose-j-him, whose-j-andm, (o) ch-j-eat.
Indefinite pronouns
group indefinite pronouns make up the words: someone, something, some, some, someone, something, some, someone, someone anyone, anyone, something, anyone, someone, several and under.
grammatical meaning indefinite pronouns- an indication of an indefinite object, sign, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns formed from interrogative questions with prefixes not- and something and suffixes something, something, something.
Grammar signs indefinite pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed. The only difference is the pronouns. someone and something, which do not change.
Negative pronouns
group negative pronouns make up the words: no one, nothing, no one, no one, not at all, no one, nothing.
grammatical meaning negative pronouns: 1) denial of the presence of any object, sign, quantity; 2) strengthening the negative meaning of the whole sentence.
Negative pronouns are formed from interrogatives by the addition of particles-prefixes not and neither and have the same features as interrogative pronouns.
Grammar signs negative pronouns the same as for the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed.
Pronouns no one and there is nothing do not have a nominative form and are used only in impersonal sentences: You have no one to blame for what happened. He had nothing to do.
Pronouns nobody, nothing, nobody, no one usually used in a sentence with a negative verb: no one believed, nothing foretold etc.
From pronoun nothing The accusative form is formed only with a preposition: for nothing.
Demonstrative pronouns
group demonstrative pronouns make up the words: that, this, such, such, so much, such (obsolete), such (obsolete), this (obsolete), this (obsolete).
grammatical meaning demonstrative pronouns- selection among others of any object, attribute, quantity.
In a complex sentence, they can act as demonstrative words.
Grammar signs demonstrative pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (except for the pronoun so many); 2) have gender forms (except for the pronoun so many); 3) change in cases according to the type of full and short adjectives, according to the type of numerals (pronoun so many).
Some linguists classify demonstrative pronouns the words both and both in the meaning of "the one and the other", "the one and the other": Both students successfully passed their exams.- Both of them successfully passed the exams. Both girls received gifts.- Both of them received gifts.
Definitive pronouns
group definitive pronouns make up the words: himself, most, all, everyone, everyone, other, any, other, everyone, everyone.
grammatical meaning definitive pronouns- definition of an object in a number of other objects.
Grammar signs definitive pronouns: 1) have singular and plural forms (all, all); 2) have gender forms (all, all, all); 3) change in cases (all, everything, everything etc.).
Pronouns myself and most in declension, they differ only in the form of the nominative case and stress: (the) same house, the house itself- (of) the very house, the very house.
With the help of a pronoun most a complex superlative form of qualitative adjectives is formed: beautiful- the most beautiful, kindest- kindest, freshest- the freshest.
Pronoun myself can have two meanings: 1) the meaning of an intensifying word with a noun or personal pronoun: It was the director of the school himself; 2) the meaning of "independently, without outside help": He solved the problem himself.
Declension of pronouns
AT pronoun declension individual discharges there is a wide variety of types and forms, as well as cases of the formation of forms from different bases.
1. Declension of personal pronouns I, you; we you; he (it, she), they.
Forms of indirect cases of personal pronouns have a different basis, different from the form of the nominative case.
1st person pronouns | Pronouns 2 persons | Pronouns 3 persons |
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He (it), she, they |
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me, you | Him, her, them |
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me, you | Him, her, them |
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me, you | Him, her, them |
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By me(s), by you (-YU) | us, you | To them, to her, to them |
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(About) me, (About) you | (About) us, (About) you | (O) him, (about) her, (about) them |
Pronouns I, you can represent either a male or female person. Wed: I'm almost happy.- I'm almost happy. You got angry.- You got angry.
Pronouns he, it, she, they, used with prepositions, can get the initial n (from him, to her, with them, with him, but: thanks to him, towards her, in spite of them).
2. Reflexive pronoun myself does not have a nominative form; it only changes in oblique cases, following the model of a pronoun you:
reflexive pronoun |
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by myself |
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3. Possessive pronouns mine, yours, ours, yours, yours, index that one, this one, interrogative and relative which, which, whose, defining most, himself, all, everyone, other have generic and plural forms and are declined according to separate patterns of adjective declension.
feminine pronouns | |||
mine, this one; mine, this | |||
mine, this | mine, this | mine, these |
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mine, this | mine, this | mine, this |
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mine, this one; mine, this is mine, this | Mine, these Mine, these |
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mine, this | My (th), this (th) | mine, these |
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(0) mine, (about) this | (0) mine, (about) this | (0) mine, (about) these |
It is necessary to distinguish between the declension of pronouns most and myself.
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
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The most (the most), myself (the most) | The most, herself | The most, themselves |
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by myself, by myself | The most, themselves |
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by myself, by myself | By the most, by ourselves |
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The most (most), himself (samb) Himself, most | most, myself | The most, themselves The most, themselves |
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By the most, by ourselves | The most (th), the most (th) | By the most, by ourselves |
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(0) itself, (about) itself | (0) most, (o) most | (0) the most, (about) themselves |
Pronoun all (all, all, all) has special forms in the instrumental singular masculine and neuter and in all plural forms:
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
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All (everything) | |||
All (all) Total | |||
(About everything | (Both) all | (both) all |
4. Interrogative and relative pronouns who and what and negative pronouns nobody, nothing form when declining the form from other bases:
Who, what, nobody, nothing |
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Who, what, no one, nothing |
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Who, what, nobody, nothing |
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Who, what, nobody |
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Who, than, nobody, nothing |
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(0) com, (about) what, about no one, about nothing |
5. Negative pronouns nobody, nothing do not have nominative case forms, and in oblique cases they are declined according to the given pattern:
Nobody, nothing |
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Nobody, nothing |
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Nobody, nothing |
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Not about anyone, not about anything |
6. Indefinite pronouns someone (someone, anyone), something (something, anything), some (any, some), someone (someone, someone) ) and others are declined according to the pattern of the corresponding interrogative pronouns.
7. Indefinite pronoun some in some cases it has variant forms.
Pronouns masculine and neuter | feminine pronouns | Plural Pronouns |
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Some (some) | |||
Some and some | Some and some |
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Some and some | Some and some |
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Some (some) and some | Some Some and some |
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Some and some | Some (yu) | Some and some |
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(Oh) some | (o) some and (o) some | (o) some and (o) some |
8. Pronouns such as, someone, something do not bow.
Morphological analysis of the pronoun includes the selection of two permanent signs (rank by value and features of declension) and three non-permanent ones (gender, case and number). For personal pronouns, the person is also indicated as a constant feature. Fulfilling morphological analysis of the pronoun, you should remember about its specificity as a part of speech: pronoun indicates on objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. This is important when formulating the general meaning of the pronoun. It should also be noted that only a change in cases is characteristic of all categories of pronouns (this is a common non-permanent feature).
Scheme of morphological analysis of the pronoun. I. Part of speech. II. Morphological features. 1. Initial form. 2. Permanent signs: 1) rank by value; 2) features of declination. 3. Non-permanent signs: III. Syntactic function. The officer was embarrassed and, looking around, on tiptoe, with a red face and a beating heart, went into his room. (A. Kuprin) | An example of the morphological analysis of the pronoun. I. My- a pronoun, as it indicates the ownership of the subject. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is your own room, your own. 2. Permanent signs: 1) possessive, correlates in meaning with an adjective; 2) is declined as an adjective like "fox". 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) accusative case; 2) feminine gender; 3) singular. III. The pronoun "his" agrees With the noun "room", therefore, in the sentence it performs the function of an agreed definition. |
Definitive pronouns in Russian- this is a category of pronouns by meaning, including a group of words that indicate a generalized attribute of an object. Definitive pronouns are adjective pronouns and answer questions Which? Which? Which? Which?
Examples of Defining Pronouns: himself, most, all, everyone, any, each, other, different, as well as outdated everyone, everyone.
For definitive pronouns, in addition to the meaning of a generalized attribute for all words, certain meanings are also distinguished for each individual word.
| Pronoun | Meaning | Examples |
| myself | indicates the person doing the action | He will do it himself. |
| the whole | indicates a set of objects, persons, or the full coverage of something | All year we helped a neighbor. |
| everyone, everyone | point to any object from a set of the same type | Everyone knows this rule. |
| the most, every, any | indicate the selection of one object (person) from a set of the same type | Every day I buy the freshest bread. |
| different, different | indicate an object (person) that is different in its characteristics from another object (person) mentioned in speech | Give me not this book, but another. |
Definitive pronouns. They serve to indicate the sign of the object of speech. These include: all, everyone, everything, himself, most, everyone, any, other, different, all, everywhere, everywhere, always.
Definitive pronouns decline in cases, change in gender and number.
In sentences, attributive pronouns usually perform the syntactic role of an agreed definition, less often - other members of the sentence.
Examples: I like another writer ( definition). All were ready to help subject). This girl was herself (part of a compound nominal predicate).
The lesson deals with definitive pronouns, their meaning, functions in speech, features of use.
Definitive pronouns are all, everyone, himself, most, different, other, any, each, all and all.
The barefoot man bowed, looked gloomily at everyone, and went out.(A.I. Herzen).
Definitive pronoun in a sentence all. Initial form - all.
I would look from heaven to earth and rejoice in everything(A.N. Ostrovsky).
Everything all.
I will reveal the whole truth to you(A.S. Griboedov). All- definitive pronoun. Initial form - the whole(m. r., sing. h., I. p.).
Anyone can be convinced of this if he goes to this garden(M.A. Bulgakov).
In this sentence, the definitive pronoun is any.
Yes, that's what I thought at first(A.I. Kuprin). Definitive pronoun herself. Initial form - myself.
The boy remembered that in his pocket were the very matches that his father had given him when he left for the city.(E.L. Schwartz). Definitive pronoun the most, and the initial form is most.
I was quenched in a different way, / I knew other thirsts, / But such a radiant dream / I dream only once(K.D. Balmont). In these sentences we are interested in the words different, others. These are definitive pronouns.
You can’t reason with them by other means: Natures are rude(N.A. Nekrasov). In this case, consider the word others- definitive pronoun ( another).
The function of definitive pronouns is to identify an object or objects in a series of other objects.
Pronoun the whole varies by gender, number and case and has the same forms as the adjective ( all, all, all, all, all, all etc.). This pronoun, like an adjective, agrees in gender, number and case with the noun it depends on.
Pronouns all and all look like pronoun forms the whole, but differ from it in that in the sentence they are not a definition, but a subject or object, that is, they replace not adjectives, but nouns. Although their forms completely coincide with some forms of the pronoun the whole, they are separate words; in the grammar dictionary of the Russian language we will find all three words: the whole, all and all.
Let's analyze the examples. Everyone came on time. What is the pronoun in this sentence: all? Or pronoun form the whole? pronoun in a sentence all is the subject, repeats the signs of a noun, which means we have the pronoun ALL.
I'm glad to see everyone. Glad to see who? All. We ask a question of a noun, so we again have a pronoun all.
All things were in their places. Here is the word all depends on the word things, defines it. Things(what kind?) all, this is a definition, which means we have a pronoun form the whole.
I did everything right. Did(what?) all. This is an addition. So we have a pronoun all.
He drank all the milk. Here the pronoun all depends on the word milk. What kind of milk? Everything. So this definition behaves like an adjective - a pronoun the whole.
It must be remembered that the pronoun the whole gender and number are non-permanent signs; this pronoun changes according to gender, numbers and cases. And for pronouns all and all gender and number are constant features ( all- plural, and all- always single, cf. R.). They change only in cases.
Consider the other two cognates: myself and most. Both of these pronouns change for gender and number: most, most, most, most; himself, himself, himself, himself. In addition, these pronouns are inflected. Moreover, the forms of indirect cases (all, except for the nominative) pronouns myself and most very similar. They look the same, but differ in emphasis.
The same will happen with the feminine gender.
I. p. the very top, the sister herself
R. p. of the very top, the very sister
D. p. to the very top, to the very sister
V. p. the very peak, the very, the very sister
T. p. the very top, the very sister
P. p. about the very peak, about the sister herself
Bibliography
Homework
Task number 1
Decline pronouns himself, most in the middle class.
Task number 2
Fill in the gaps with pronouns myself, most in the correct grammatical form. Point out the sentences in which the pronoun most serves to form the superlative degree of the adjective.
Working in the country was for my grandmother ... a favorite thing. He received a gift from... the director. I'll... dig up the beds. They've been friends since... childhood. A birch grew near the fence. Sasha can do it... without outside help. The underwater world is perhaps ... mysterious.
Task number 3
Find the definitive pronoun in the text. Justify your choice by answering these questions. What sign does the pronoun indicate and what question does it answer? How does it change? What word is associated with?
All the attractiveness of the earth lies in the animal and plant world. Both worlds have been studied by us almost to perfection, but contact with them always leaves a feeling of mystery. Mysterious and therefore beautiful are the dark thickets of forests, the depths of the seas. The cry of a bird, the crackling of a tree bud bursting from the warmth, is mysterious. The solved riddle does not kill the excitement caused by the spectacle of the earth. The more we know, the stronger the desire to know(K. Paustovsky).
1. Pronoun- an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them.
For pronouns, you can ask questions of nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which one? whose?), numerals (how much?), adverbs (how? when? where?).
The main features of pronouns
2. Ranks of pronouns in relation to other parts of speech:
1. Noun pronouns - me, you, we, you, he, who, what, someone, nobody, yourself and etc.:
2. Pronouns-adjectives - mine, yours, ours, yours, what, some, this, that and etc.:
A pronoun that is adjacent to pronouns-adjectives (it changes by gender, number and case), but, as an ordinal number, indicates the order of objects when counting (cf .: - What time is it now? - Fifth);
3. Pronouns-numerals - how many, how many, several:
4. Pronouns-adverbs - so, there, because, where, where and etc.:
Notes. Traditionally, pronouns-adverbs are excluded from the composition of pronouns. In this case, the composition of pronouns includes only those words that correspond to the nominal parts of speech (with nouns, adjectives, numerals). But since pronominal adverbs are there, then others, like other pronominal words, do not name, but only indicate (in this case, signs of actions), we consider them as a special group as part of pronouns.
3. Ranks of pronouns by meaning and grammatical features:
1. Personal pronouns: I, you, we, you, he (she, it, they) - indicate the persons who are involved in the speech:
2. reflexive pronoun self - means that the action performed by someone is directed at the actor himself:
3. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, ours, yours- indicate the sign of the object by its belonging:
When indicating belonging to a third person, frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, them.
4. Interrogative pronouns: who? what? which? whose? which the? How many? where? when? where? where? why? etc. - are used in interrogative sentences:
5. Relative pronouns match with interrogative who, what, which, whose, which, how much, where, when, where, from where, why etc., but are used not as interrogative words, but as allied words in subordinate clauses:
I know who is to blame for our failure; I know how much effort he put into this task; I know where the money is hidden.
Morphological and syntactic characteristics of relative pronouns are the same as for interrogative pronouns.
6. Indefinite pronouns: someone, something, some, some, someone, some, several, some, somewhere, sometime etc. - indicate indefinite, unknown objects, signs, quantity.
Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes non-, some- and postfixes something, something, something:
who → someone, someone, someone, someone, someone, someone; how much → several, how many, how many; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.
The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as for interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are formed.
7. Negative pronouns: no one, nothing, none, no one, not at all, nowhere, never, nowhere, no reason etc. - indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantities.
Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of prefixes not-, nor-:
who → nobody, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never.
The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns are formed.
8. Demonstrative pronouns: that, this, this, this, such, so much, there, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then etc. - are a means of indicating certain objects, signs, quantity (with a distinction between one and the other):
9. Definitive pronouns: himself, most, all, everyone, each, other, other, any, everywhere, everywhere, always etc. - serve as a means of clarifying the subject, the sign in question:
Note!
1) Pronouns that, himself, pronouns this, all in the singular, neuter gender (this, everything) and some others in certain contexts can act as pronouns-nouns, like substantiated adjectives ( That we are no longer dangerous; Myself will come; it book ; Everything ended well).
2) Some pronouns have homonyms among the official parts of speech ( it's what, how, when): It book(pronoun). - Moscow is the capital of Russia(indicative particle); I know what to say to him(pronoun). - I know that he is here(union).
3. Morphological analysis of pronouns:
Plan for parsing pronouns
| I | Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question. | ||
| II | Initial form. Morphological features: | ||
| A | Permanent morphological features: | ||
| 1 | category in relation to another part of speech (pronoun-noun, pronoun-adjective, pronoun-numeral, pronoun-adverb); | ||
| 2 | category by value (personal, reflexive, possessive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, indicative, attributive); | ||
| 3 | person (for personal pronouns); | ||
| 4 | number (for personal pronouns of the 1st person and 2nd person). | ||
| B | Variable morphological features: | ||
| 1 | case; | ||
| 2 | number (if any); | ||
| 3 | gender (if any). | ||
| III | Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the pronoun in this sentence). | ||
pronoun parsing patterns
Imagine the joy of some botanist who unexpectedly finds himself on a desert island, where no human foot has set foot before and where he can enrich his collection with all sorts of outlandish representatives of the flora.(N.S. Valgina).
(Imagine) yourself
some (botany)
which the
where
(before) these (since)
draw (leg)
he
my (collection)
all sorts (representatives)
The book contains in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material on all types of analysis in the Russian language lessons for the elementary school course, many diagrams and samples of grammatical analysis are presented.
Pronoun- this is independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their number), but does not name them: you, they, so much. Pronouns answer questions of nouns who? what?, adjectives which? whose? and numerals How many?: I laughing my sister, several horses.
Morphological and syntactic features of the pronoun depends on which part of speech in this case it replaces.
Ranks of pronouns differ by lexical and grammatical features.
According to lexical terms pronouns are:
According to grammatical pronouns can be divided into:
Pronoun maybe protrude in a sentence in roles
