This should be the rule: as soon as you buy the equipment, check how it works, if there are any external flaws, if everything is in order. back to content Is a cell phone (smartphone) a technically sophisticated device? This question worries many, which is not surprising, because everyone uses phones. The 2011 document says nothing about these devices. Does this mean that you can change or return them according to the rules for the exchange and return of ordinary goods? For example, if the buyer already at home realized that he simply did not like the model of the device. A mobile phone (smartphone) in accordance with the law is not a technically complex product. This means that you can exchange it or return the phone if there are even minor defects within 14 days. However, later this cannot be done if the purchased mobile phone is of completely appropriate quality.
This type of goods is mentioned in 2 lists, so the seller can, depending on the situation, take advantage of the buyer's legal illiteracy and mislead him about his rights. In this case, the seller can refer both to one list and to another. The choice of the required list directly depends on the answer to the following question: “Is there a defect in the product?” By answering it, you can find out whether the product is technically complex.
And also whether it is possible to refuse the purchase. Goods included in the list of technically complex So, in more detail. The list of technically complex products is quite extensive. Returning them often causes a lot of problems for consumers, due to their specific features.
Info
Note! Automobiles, motorcycles and other types of motor vehicles, trailers and numbered units for them, except for goods intended for use by the disabled, pleasure boats and watercraft are not provided for the period of repair or replacement of your goods (according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 55 of 19.01.1998). Upon receipt of a consumer claim (during the warranty period), the seller** is obliged to accept the goods and, if necessary, conduct a quality check. The consumer has the right to participate in checking the quality of the goods (which must be reported to the seller).
This group also includes tablets, laptops and other personal computers.
Old list of technically complex goods Next moment.
We present a list of technically complex goods, including household items. If it falls into this category, and it is of good quality, the store can replace it or give back the money to the client only voluntarily, the law does not oblige him to do so.
Paragraph 1 of this article describes the conditions for a return or exchange:
This right does not apply to a number of products, the list of which is described in detail in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 55 of 01/19/1998. Item 11 in this list is occupied by technically complex goods used in everyday life. We can say that a product is considered technically complex if a warranty card is issued for it.
But now the guarantee is issued for almost all types of products, including clothing and footwear, and not just for equipment. Therefore, technically complex goods that provide for a warranty period of operation have been fixed in a strict list, in which the seller does not have the right to add his goods.
Attention
Everyone knows that purchased goods of inadequate quality must be returned to the store. The rights of the buyer are regulated by law by a fixed period during which the consumer can see a defect in the product and return this product to the seller. This period is counted from the date of purchase of the product and is 14 days.
A significant defect of the goods is an unrecoverable defect or a defect that cannot be eliminated without disproportionate costs or time, or is detected repeatedly, or reappears after its elimination, or other similar defects. Please note! The consumer also has the right to demand full compensation for losses caused to him as a result of the sale of goods of inadequate quality. If the seller or manufacturer has been requested to repair or replace a technically complex product, then you can also demand that you provide you with a similar product for the period of repair or replacement of yours (this product must be provided and delivered within three days).
On the contrary, it is the responsibility of the seller to reimburse these costs. In addition, the repair of goods that have any defect may be carried out by the seller at his expense. Moreover, the seller can lower the price of the product by mutual agreement of both parties.
The amount of the discount, as a rule, is negotiated. What are the major flaws in the product? The ability to use all the functions of the product that are provided by the manufacturer, as well as to use it for its own purpose, determines the materiality of its deficiency. If it is impossible to perform its functions, as well as if the defect cannot be eliminated, this defect of the goods is considered to be significant.
Return of technically complex goods - consumer protection law According to the law governing the rights of Russian buyers, the return of complex equipment related to the above list is possible within 14 days from the date of purchase. But this can only be done if the products turned out to be of poor quality or with a manufacturing defect. Thus, you will no longer be able to hand over or exchange products that are difficult to manufacture due to the fact that it simply did not suit you or you did not like it. These provisions are spelled out in act No. 25 of the main bill of the Russian Federation on consumer protection.
The current level of production development has made it possible to equip our homes with a completely new generation of household appliances. Electric helpers such as vacuum cleaners, floor polishers, dishwashers and washing machines make household chores easier. With the help of some models of household electric vacuum cleaners, it is not only possible to reduce the time spent on cleaning the apartment by 2.5-3 times, but also successfully whitewash the ceiling, walls, and humidify the air in the room. And washing dishes with a dishwasher will save up to 12-15% of the time, and also helps to use water and detergents more efficiently.
In addition, washing dishes in a car is more hygienic than manual washing, and in terms of physical phenomena, the technology of washing dishes in a car is similar to washing clothes. Modern programmable washing machines leave housewives more free time, they allow you to automatically fill and drain water, heat it to a predetermined temperature, soak clothes, introduce the right amount of detergent, wash, rinse and wring out. However, there are some difficulties with connecting machines of this type to the electrical and water networks.
Modern refrigerators have become more spacious, easily and quickly freeze food, and have special compartments for different types of food. Refrigerators according to the principle of producing "cold" can be divided into two types: absorption and compression. Absorption refrigerators have exceptional consumer characteristics: they are silent in operation, reliable in operation, and relatively easy to repair.
However, their significant drawback is that during operation they consume 3 times more electricity than compression-type refrigerators. The principle of operation of absorption-type refrigerators is based on the fact that when a concentrated aqueous solution of the refrigerant is heated, it evaporates, while taking heat from the refrigeration chamber. Up to 1,400 kWh of electricity is needed to ensure the operation of an absorption refrigerator during the year. During the same time, a compression refrigerator consumes about 400 kWh.
The refrigeration unit of a compression refrigerator forms a closed system filled with refrigerant. The compressor sucks the refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and thus creates a low pressure in it. The refrigerant vapors in the compressor are compressed and fed to the condenser, where, after cooling, they turn into a liquid, which again enters the evaporator, and turns into vapor in it.
Kitchen equipment sets are increasingly complemented by microwave ovens, electric coffee makers, mixers, juicers, meat grinders, etc. For cooking, household electric heaters such as floor (and desktop) electric stoves, electric frying pans, electric kettles, electric pots, electric barbecues are increasingly used.
The electric stove is the most versatile cooking appliance. This is a permanently installed appliance, equipped with burners and a frying cabinet. Cooking is carried out on burners in stove-top dishes, in an electric oven - baking flour products, frying, stewing vegetables and meat. The burner of the electric stove acts as a heater. Three types of burners are used in electric stoves: cast iron, tubular, pyroceramic.
The shape of the working surface of the burner is usually round, and the diameter can be 90, 100, 110, 145, 180 and 220 mm. The most common burners with a diameter of 145 mm and 180 mm, and the burners with a diameter of 90, 100 and 110 mm are intended for coffee pots. Based on the maximum power of the heating elements, the burners are divided into two groups: normal heating (heating up to operating temperature 10-12 minutes for cast iron burners and 4-5 minutes for tubular burners), accelerated heating (heating up to operating temperature 3-6 minutes for cast iron burners and 1-3 minutes for tubular burners).
Accelerated heating burners, depending on the design, are divided into express burners and automatic ones. An express burner is a burner with accelerated heating to the operating temperature due to additionally installed power. Express burners are usually made of cast iron. An automatic burner is an accelerated heating burner that provides automatic carrying out of various technological processes with an independent transition from the heating mode to the specified thermal mode.
Burners are equipped with devices that allow you to adjust either the power consumption from 100-350 W (at the minimum setting), or the temperature of the working surface in the range of 100-500 ° C. Cast iron burners have two or three spiral grooves into which filler and heating elements are placed. The filler of the burners is an electrical insulating mass prepared on the basis of talc or periclase. In terms of thermal and electrical insulating properties, the fillers are almost the same, but the talc-based filler has a lower mechanical strength.
Tubular burners are made of one-, two- or three-tubular heating elements (TEH), bent in the form of one or more turns of the Archimedes spiral. To improve the thermal contact of the dishes with the heating element, its working surface is made flat. To increase the efficiency, a reflector made of stainless steel is installed under the heating element.
Pyroceramic burners are a heating element covered on top with pyroceramic material: technical glass-ceramic or other material. The oven oven of an electric stove allows to use advantages of electric heating at cooking to the fullest extent.
The metal muffle is thermally insulated with fiberglass or mineral wool. The thermal insulation layer is covered with aluminum foil, which in this case acts as a reflector. An air gap separates the aluminum foil and the side walls of the electric stove. The muffle is attached to the front wall, forming a loading window, which is closed by a door. A viewing glass is mounted in the oven door, which allows you to observe the progress of the technological process. The temperature is controlled by a thermostat.
Microwave ovens are widely used today, in which a completely different method of heat treatment of products is used than in gas or electric stoves. Microwave ovens use the energy of ultra-high frequency electromagnetic oscillations, or microwave waves, generated by a magnetron. Products cooked in microwave ovens do not burn, completely retain vitamins, do not dehydrate and do not fry, and the cooking process itself is much faster than, for example, on a gas stove. At the same time, the microwave oven does not heat up, does not emit any combustion products, the air in the kitchen remains fresh and clean. In addition, cooking in a microwave oven allows you to significantly reduce the use of fats, which is often an important condition for dietary nutrition.
When using microwave ovens, precautions must be taken: it is not recommended to use sealed dishes for cooking food; plastic bags must be opened or pierced before cooking food in them. It is forbidden to use metal utensils, foil, newsprint, as well as paper napkins containing synthetic materials.
When preparing or heating liquid dishes and products, it is necessary to mix them. Foods with skins, such as potatoes or tomatoes, should be pricked before microwave cooking.
Of course, mastering the art of cooking delicious food in a microwave oven requires experience. Therefore, you need to be creative in your work. When cooking, a heat-resistant glass pan is used. Its capacity can be 0.5 -2.5 liters. This pan is made specifically for use in the microwave. In addition, for cooking in microwave ovens, you can use makitra (ceramic pot) and sitall plates.
Increasingly, infrared radiation is being used for the thermal processing of products. Its use reduces the duration of heat treatment processes, energy costs, technological losses of the product. The essence of the infrared method of heating food products lies in the fact that the energy imparted to the product by radiation is released in the form of heat not only in the surface layer of the product, but also inside it, as a result of which the processing time of the product is reduced by 40-50% for meat and by 30 % for fish, and the biological value of the product does not deteriorate. Electric grills, electric barbecue grills, electric toasters are specialized devices for cooking with product heating using infrared radiation. The use of infrared radiation for the heat treatment of the product makes it possible to reduce the duration of the heat treatment of the product, to carry out the process without the use of fats, which is important for dietary nutrition, while obtaining a product with improved taste.
Capacitive devices for heating liquids include electric juice cookers, electric steam cookers, electric fryers and general-purpose electric pots (express pots, rice cookers, slow cookers). Household electric pans are widely used due to their ease of use, economy and high quality of the prepared product.
Electric meat grinders, coffee mills or electric coffee grinders, electric coffee makers, electric juicers, electric beaters and mixers are widely used to process products.
Electrical appliances have also become widespread in everyday life for direct heating of water, both without its accumulation, and for heating containers with water. In such devices, water is brought to a temperature of 60-100 ° C. These are portable appliances for heating and boiling small amounts of water, such as electric kettles, electric samovars, electric jugs, instantaneous electric water heaters and capacitive (non-flowing) electric water heaters.
In principle, all devices of this purpose are arranged in the same way, the difference exists only in the design features and functional purpose of each of them. Various kinds of electric kettles, samovars, coffee pots have a container for heated water, in the lower part of which there is a heating element - a tubular electric heater of one form or another. Tubular electric heaters are sealed, usually have a very high degree of protection, reliable, safe in operation. A tubular electric heater is a thin-walled metal tube in which a coil of wire with a very high resistivity is placed. Particular care should be taken with household appliances that use tubular electric heaters, since a malfunction associated with the failure of this electric heater makes it impossible to repair the entire appliance.
First of all, it should not be forgotten that appliances intended for heating water can only be connected to the mains when they are filled with water by at least one third of their volume, otherwise the heating element may burn out.
You should not completely pour out all the water from the electric kettle until it has cooled down or while it is plugged in, and you should not pour or top up cold water into a heated kettle, as the spiral may fail because of this.
Electric heaters for heating residential premises have become widespread relatively recently. They have certain advantages over other types of heating, as they are simple and safe to operate, compact and hygienic, and when used, it is easy to automate the microclimate control of each room. Today in world practice there are three types of electric heating: full, additional and combined. With full heating, all heat losses of the building are compensated by electric heaters, with combined heating, the main part of heat losses is covered by centralized heating systems, and additional electric heating is a type of combined heating and is used in the off-season, when central heating does not work, or when the outside temperature drops below the calculated in addition to the central one.
With the development of technology, the problem of air purification becomes more and more acute. The solution to this problem includes three main areas: the fight against sources of pollution, ventilation and improvement of the environment, and air purification using air conditioners.
Household over-stove electric air cleaners help prevent contamination of walls, ceilings, curtains, furniture with greasy particles, soot that form during cooking, as well as reduce the amount of harmful products of incomplete gas combustion and the unpleasant smell of burnt food.
To create favorable conditions in residential premises, household air conditioners are used, which reduce or increase the air temperature in rooms, dry the air and purify it of dust. The air conditioner can automatically maintain the set temperature, ventilate the room, change the speed and direction of the air flow, as well as air exchange with the environment.
Electric irons and dryers have become familiar. Modern irons are equipped with thermostats that automatically maintain the temperature on the iron soleplate necessary for ironing certain types of fabrics, as well as steam humidifiers that allow you to iron fabrics without pre-moistening. In addition, the iron can be weighted and also have a spray arm.
It is recommended to clean the iron at least once every 1.5-2 years in order to eliminate the thin fibers of the fabric that get inside the iron through the cracks between the body and the sole. These fibers can clog the contacts of the thermostat and burn on the sole, forming a burning smell. When disassembling the iron, it is recommended to tighten all the nuts inside the iron and clean the thermostat contacts, which can be done by stretching a small strip of fine-grained sandpaper between them. Brown plaque, which often appears on the working surface of the iron, can be removed by wiping it with a damp cloth sprinkled with baking soda, and you can protect the iron from contamination by treating its working surface with paraffin: grated paraffin is poured into a double layer of material and ironed with a slightly heated iron.
And there are also special electrical appliances with a very cozy name: “soft heat appliances”. Their purpose is to communicate heat to the human body. These are electric blankets, electric blankets, electric bandages, heating pads. All of them have the form of traditional household items, and flexible heating elements are placed inside the devices. To prevent burns, the devices are equipped with thermal switches that limit the surface temperature of the product.
What applies to household appliances that cannot be returned to the store
If deficiencies in the product are discovered after a fifteen-day period, then the consumer has the right to claim only for warranty repair of the product or for a commensurate reduction in its price. The term of repair should not exceed 45 days. At the end of the repair, you should take a document stating which particular defect was eliminated. If the repair is carried out for more than 45 days, or significant defects are found in the product, the consumer has the right to demand a replacement of the product or a refund for it. The same right arises for him in the event that the product cannot be used during each year of the warranty period in the aggregate for more than thirty days due to the repeated elimination of its various shortcomings.
Download Claim Sample What is not a technically complex product and cannot be returned? In addition to technically difficult products, there are a number of products that are also included in the list of non-returnable and non-exchangeable products. In particular, the following high-quality products cannot be exchanged or returned to the store within a 14-day period:
At the same time, the buyer must remember that this law refers to the impossibility of returning goods of proper conformity to the store, while defective products must be accepted back, exchanged or refunded.
The list of technically complex goods includes:
Many questions arise when returning technically complex goods, the definition of which is given in paragraph 2 of Article 475 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. According to it, the following categories fall under the definition of technically complex goods, as defined in Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 924:
The return and exchange of these groups of goods implies special conditions.
Paragraph 1 of this article describes the conditions for a return or exchange: not used; preserved presentation and packaging of the product; there are labels and factory seals; proof of purchase available. Household appliances list 2018 This is with regards to the possibility of replacement after 14 days Regarding the return of goods that did not fit for some parameters, BUT in good working order: LIST OF NON-FOOD PRODUCTS OF GOOD QUALITY NOT SUBJECT TO RETURN OR EXCHANGE FOR A SIMILAR PRODUCT OF OTHER SIZE, SHAPE, DIMENSION, STYLE, COLOR OR COMPLETE ITEMS 2. Personal hygiene items (toothbrushes, combs, hair clips, hair curlers, wigs, hairpieces and other similar products) (p. List of technically complex goods not subject to return in 2018 Very often, sellers use the illiteracy of their customers for profit.
What applies to technically complex non-returnable goods? In fact, Article No. 25 refers to a ban on the return of products of a technically complex nature of good quality. It follows that it is still possible to return a similar product, but having a marriage. But first you need to find out what is included in the list of these products.
Important
If, as a result of the quality check, a dispute arose between the Seller and the consumer about the causes of defects in the goods, the seller is obliged to conduct an examination of the goods at his own expense. The consumer has the right to be present during the examination (which he must inform the seller about) and, in case of disagreement with its results, to challenge the conclusion of such an examination in court. If the examination establishes that the defects of the goods are industrial, the seller must satisfy the requirement stated by the consumer.
Repairs must be carried out within the time period that is legally approved, otherwise penalties and fines may be imposed on the seller. It is up to the consumer to decide which option is preferable to choose. If the buyer wants to exchange some specific technically complex product of inadequate quality, and the desired product is not available, the store can provide it after receipt. If the seller violates the deadlines for the return, exchange or elimination of defects, he may be held liable.
These issues must be taken very seriously. It's your rights and your money.
Information Goods from this list cannot be returned if there are no quality claims.
Super complex technique This list includes:
Also in the list of technically complex products you will find:
Since the list was compiled, it has already been supplemented more than once, new products have been added to it.
Goods in this group include machines for processing linen, cleaning premises, storing and processing foodstuffs, maintaining a microclimate, mechanizing household work, and making clothes.
Laundry processing machines.
Linen processing machines include machines for washing, squeezing, drying and ironing linen. The most common are washing and spinning machines.
Washing machines classified according to the method of activation of the washing solution (activator, drum); by the degree of mechanization and automation of processes (SM, SMR, SMC, SMC-B, CMC, SMP, SMA).
Depending on the design features, washing machines are classified: according to the nominal load of linen - from 1.0 to 7.0 kg; by number of tanks - single-tank, with a combined tank and a container for storing cleaning solution - E and two-tank - D; by way of loading - with the top loading and frontal - Ф; by way of management - electromechanical and electronic - E; according to the presence of water heating - without heating and with heating - P; according to the shape of the hull - rectangular, cylindrical and square; case material and finish - enamelled steel, plastics, etc.; by brands ("Atlant", "Riga", etc.); by models ("Atlant" SMA 5 FB1040 T, "Riga" - 8, etc.) and others.
depending on the degree of mechanization and automation of processes washing machines are of several types:
Washing machines for washing clothes(SM) - small-sized and designed for washing 1 kg of dry linen ("Alesya"). Washing is carried out due to the rotation of the disk activator located on the side wall of the polypropylene tank, the power consumption is not more than 150 watts.
Washing machines with manual spin(CMP) - are characterized by the presence of two rubber rollers for wringing out linen, designed for washing 1.5-2 kg of dry linen, have a time switch ("Volga", "Oka", "Riga").
Semi-automatic washing machines(SMP) provide full mechanization of all processes (washing, spinning, solution removal) and partial automation (they have a time relay). They can be single-tank ("Eureka", "Snezhinka") and two-tank with a side or bottom location of the activator ("Wave", "Seagull", "Siberia"), designed for 2-3 kg of laundry.
Automatic washing machines(СМА) - in them all processes of processing linen are automated. They are designed for washing up to 5-7 kg of dry laundry ("Atlant", "Fairy", "Vyatka" - up to 5 kg, imported brands AEG, Asko, Kaiser, LG - up to 6-7 kg). Modern automatic washing machines have electronic control, a digital display with an indication of the operating mode of programs, foam control functions, auto-weighing, a multi-stage leakage protection system, detergent dosing control, etc.
Cleaning machines.
This group of household machines includes vacuum cleaners, floor polishers, window washers, floor scrubbers and rubbish grinders. The range is mainly represented by vacuum cleaners.
Household vacuum cleaners are classified: by appointment - for vacuum cleaners for general and special purposes (for carpets, clothes, cars, animals); by nature of operation - on floor (weighing 6-8 kg), manual (up to 3 kg), suspended (over the shoulder) and combined; according to the location of the air intake unit and the nature of the air movement inside the case - direct-flow (with a horizontal arrangement of the unit) and vortex (with a vertical arrangement); by standard sizes - PN-800; PN-600; PR-280 and others; on registration - in the form of a cylinder, a cauldron, a knapsack, a coil, etc.; by mode of travel (floor) - on skids, rollers, wheels, without special devices; according to the number of stages of air purification ear - from 1 to 9 or more; by comfort - ordinary and superior comfort; by brands - "Seagull", "Whirlwind"; by models - "Seagull-8", "Whirlwind-8A"; according to technical parameters such as power consumption, dust collector capacity, performance, etc.
Most modern models of vacuum cleaners have a multi-stage air purification system, replaceable filters, often with antibacterial impregnation, a telescopic tube, a turbo brush, many attachments, the possibility of horizontal and vertical parking, an electronic control system, shutdown when the dust container is full, etc.
Food storage and processing machines.
This group includes refrigerators and household food processing machines (kitchen machines, meat grinders, juicers, vegetable cutters, coffee grinders, etc.).
Refrigerators have become very widespread, as they allow a long time to store frozen and chilled products.
By design (principle of operation) refrigerators are divided into compression, absorption and thermoelectric.
AT compression and absorption In refrigerators, the cooling of the air of the internal volume of the chamber and the products in it occurs due to the boiling (evaporation) of special liquids with a low boiling point - refrigerants. In compression refrigerators, freon is the refrigerant, in absorption refrigerators - ammonia. If the heating of the refrigerant vapor is carried out by electricity or gas, refrigerators are called absorption. Absorption refrigerators do not have an engine, the circulation of working substances in the refrigeration apparatus occurs due to diffusion and absorption.
AT thermoelectric In refrigerators, cold is generated by using the Peltier effect, based on a thermocouple, when current flows at one end, heat is released, and at the other, cold. Thermoelectric refrigerators are still produced in a limited range and are used mainly in cars.
By appointment refrigerators are subdivided: for the storage of chilled foods, for the storage of chilled and frozen foods, for the storage of frozen foods (freezers), for the storage of drinks (bars).
By the number of cooled chambers: one-, two- and multi-chamber. By design : in the form of a cabinet (W), table (C), bar, etc. Place of installation: floor, wall, desktop, block-embedded. According to the degree of comfort: ordinary and superior comfort. According to climatic version : for temperate (U) and tropical (T) climate.
Also, the range of refrigerators can be classified by brand and model , materials and finishes used , technical parameters .
The modern range of refrigerators is dominated by compression refrigerators. They have automatic defrosting of the evaporator, the ability to rehang the door to open it from left to right or vice versa, the function of super-freezing at a temperature of -24 ° C, a thermostat, light indicators for turning on the network and warnings about temperature rise in the freezer, etc.
Range food processing machines is constantly expanding and updating, since the introduction of electrical "assistants" into everyday life allows you to free up time, make work easier, improve the quality of food processing, etc.
kitchen machines according to the purpose or number of operations performed, there are universal (multi-operational) and specialized (1-5-operational).
Universal kitchen machines can perform over 10 different operations. They include coffee grinders, mixers, beaters, juicers, meat grinders, etc. Of the universal kitchen machines, the most common brands are Mechta and Straume.
Specialized kitchen machines perform 1-5 operations. This is less rational, but they are more compact, easy to handle, easy to manage. Specialized kitchen machines include meat grinders of the brands “Help”, “Vinnitsa”, etc. (in addition to chopping meat, they can be used for profiling dough, cutting vegetables, as shredders and grater-juicers); coffee grinders; juicers; mixers (electric beaters); electric ice cream makers.
Machines and devices for maintaining the microclimate.
This subgroup of goods is represented by air conditioners, heat pumps, fans, air humidifiers, air conditioners, air cleaners.
Air conditioners serve for cooling, purification and ventilation of air; heat pumps - for cooling rooms in summer and heating in winter.
Fans - the most common devices for maintaining the microclimate. They are used for blowing, blowing and moving air, for extracting, supplying and extracting air. By place of installation can be desktop, wall, table-wall, floor lamp, manual, automotive, window, built-in ventilation ducts and ceiling. By design household fans can be centrifugal, axial and tangential; by changing the air flow - without changing the direction of the air relative to the base, with a non-automatic change in the direction of the air in the vertical plane, with a non-automatic change in the air in the vertical and horizontal planes, with an automatic change in the direction of the air flow in the plane, the position of which can change.
Humidifiers are designed to increase air humidity in dry rooms.
Air conditioners - devices for stabilizing the temperature and relative humidity of the air in the room. They combine a fan and a humidifier.
Air cleaners are above-plate filters for air purification from aerosols, grease, soot, etc.
Electrical goods are classified according to several criteria. By purpose, the range of electrical goods is divided into the following groups:
Installation wires; connecting cords;
Wiring products, light sources;
Household lamps;
Household electrical appliances and machines;
Electromechanical tools and machines for the mechanization of household work;
Transformers, instrumentation, chemical current sources.
Each group is divided into specific types of products, taking into account their narrowly functional purpose. An intraspecific classification is provided, built taking into account the design features of the device, the presence of comfort elements, the amount of power consumption, the adjustment method and other features characteristic of a particular product.
The group of electrical installation products includes products necessary for the installation of residential wiring, connecting devices and machines to them, protecting the wiring of machines from short circuit currents, overload and other purposes. The range of products in this group is very wide: cartridges, switches, switches, plugs and sockets, fuses, insulating rollers, bushings, funnels, tape.
Household lamps consist of a light source (lamp) and lighting fittings. Incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps are used as light in household lamps.
Household electrical appliances and machines according to their purpose are divided into:
* heating devices;
* refrigerators and freezers;
* linen processing machines (washing machines, ironing machines, irons);
* cleaning machines;
* sewing machines;
* machines for the mechanization of kitchen work;
* devices for personal hygiene and sanitation;
* cars for maintenance of a microclimate in rooms;
Household goods according to GOST 14087-88 are also classified according to a number of other general features: the degree of protection against electric shock, against moisture; operating conditions; placement category during operation.
Depending on the operating conditions, the devices may be exposed to moisture, which impairs their electrical safety and causes corrosion. To prevent this, special protection against moisture is provided.
According to the degree of protection against moisture, household electrical appliances are produced in the following versions: unprotected, drip-proof, splash-proof, waterproof. Devices of unprotected version do not have a symbol, other versions are indicated in the marking and in the passport of the device. Unprotected devices do not have special protection against the ingress of moisture.
The shells of drip-proof products must not allow water to pass into the device under the influence of artificial rain with an intensity of 3 mm / min, falling vertically from a height of 2 m for 5 minutes.
Splash-proof appliances which are hand-held during use are subjected to the same test but rotated to the most unfavorable positions. The remaining devices of this design are sprayed for 10 minutes with water from a special installation.
Waterproof devices during the day should not let water through when they are immersed 5 cm below its level.
The design according to the degree of protection against the action of moisture is established only taking into account the influence of moisture from the external environment. The presence of liquid in the appliance, e.g. in washing machines, kitchen machines, dishwashers, is not taken into account. An increased degree of protection against moisture should have devices that operate in bathrooms and shower rooms, as well as outdoors.
At the place of installation, the standard provides for: portable devices - they can be moved during operation or during operation when they are connected to a power source (vacuum cleaner, electric convector, etc.); hand-held devices - during operation they are held in hands; stationary devices are devices rigidly fixed or having a mass of more than 18 kg and not having handles for transferring devices; built-in appliances - designed to be installed in cabinets or kitchen blocks, in prepared niches in the wall or in other similar places.
According to the operating conditions, household electrical appliances and machines are divided into products that operate without supervision and products that operate under supervision. The former include devices that operate without the constant presence of a person, as a rule, these are automatic or semi-automatic devices. After working out the given program or completion of the working cycle, such devices are automatically disconnected from the mains. The second includes devices that operate in the presence of an operator serving them (electric beaters, juicers).
According to the type of energy into which electrical energy is converted during operation, household electrical appliances and machines are divided into: electric heating, in which electrical energy is converted into heat; electromechanical, in which electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy of the working body (electric coffee grinders, compression refrigerators); light, in which electrical energy is converted into visible light energy, and combined.
According to the type of protection against electric shock, goods are divided into classes. Protection classes against electric shock:
For equipment with a zero class, electrical protection is provided only by the main insulation, and the body or exposed conductive parts of the electrical equipment are not connected to the protective conductor of the electrical wiring, and in the event of an insulation breakdown, protection is provided only by the air gap.
Protection of electrical equipment belonging to the first class is provided by the main insulation and connection of the housing or open conductive parts, a protective conductor.
In the event of a breakdown or failure of the insulation, the installed protective device must operate, for example, the Circuit Breaker can be given, and the housing or exposed conductive parts cannot be energized.
The electrical equipment of the first class is connected to the electrical network by a three-core cable with a protective conductor.
If the connection to the electrical network is connected by a two-wire cable, then the equipment housing must be equipped with a clamp (grounding bolt or busbar) for connecting the protective conductor.
The second class of protection includes electrical equipment that provides double protection or reinforced insulation, while there are no means of connecting a protective earth.
Electrical equipment with the third class of protection is provided with electrical power from a source of safe (low) voltage.
According to the mode of operation - with short-term, repeated-short-term and long-term mode.
According to the climatic version: electrical appliances for operation in a temperate climate (U), moderate and cold (UHL), as well as in any climate (B), except for very cold (O).
